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tilia_cordata_mill [2016/06/16 21:58]
andreas 		tilia_cordata_mill [2022/01/17 12:13] (aktuell)
andreas
Zeile 2: Zeile 2:
 little-leaf linden, small-leaved lime, **Winterlinde**, Kleinblättrige Linde, Steinlinde  little-leaf linden, small-leaved lime, **Winterlinde**, Kleinblättrige Linde, Steinlinde 
  
-Native tree to Europe and West Sibiria, up to 30m high; leaves with darker green upper side and blueish green underside, beneath glaucous; flowers with pleasant scent. \\ +Native tree to Europe and West Sibiria, up to 30m high; leaves with darker green upper side and blueish green underside, beneath glaucous; flowers with pleasant scent. There are numerous hybrids planted: Tilia x europaea = Tilia x vulgaris = Tilia cordata x Tilia platyphyllos \\ 
-There are numerous hybrids planted: Tilia x europaea = Tilia x vulgaris = Tilia cordata x Tilia platyphyllos +Dried flowers ared used as diaphoretic, as described for [[tilia_platyphyllos_scop|Tilia platyphyllos]].
  
 "In the countries of Central and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal..., considered to be of value as an anti-inflammatory in a range of respiratory problems: colds, fever, flu, sore throat, bronchitis, and cough." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia_cordata]] "In the countries of Central and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal..., considered to be of value as an anti-inflammatory in a range of respiratory problems: colds, fever, flu, sore throat, bronchitis, and cough." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia_cordata]]
- 
-Dried flowers ared used as diaphoretic, as described for [[tilia_platyphyllos_scop|Tilia platyphyllos]]. 
- 
-As shown by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), linden honey volatiles having high factors of dilution (FD) were identified as 1-hexen-3-one, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, dimethyl trisulphide, methional, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, linalool, p-cresol, 3,9-epoxy-1-p-menthene, 4-methylacetophenone, 3,9-epoxy-1,4(8)-p-menthadiene (linden ether), 1,3-p-menthadien-7-al, p-anisaldehyde, 4-vinylguaiacol, (E)-β-damascenone, eugenol, vanillin and cis-rose oxide. \\ 
-[Intensive neutral odourants of linden honey Differences from honeys of other botanical origin., Blank, I., Fischer, K.H., Grosch, W., Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung, 189(5), 1989, 426-433] [[http://imreblank.ch/ZLUF_1989_189_426.pdf]] 
- 
-"It was shown that 3.9-epoxy-1.4(8)-p-menthadiene and cis-rose oxide, both occurring also in the blossoms of the lime tree Tilia cordata (L.), were typical odourants of the linden honey." \\ 
-[Determination of the Chemical Structure of Linden Ether. Imre Blank, Werner Grosch, Wolfgang Eisenreieh, Adelbert Bacher, and Joachim Firl, Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 73 (1990), 1250-1257] [[http://imreblank.ch/HCA_1990_73_1250.pdf]] 
- 
-|{{:lindenether.jpg|linden ether}} \\ [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1374431.html|linden ether]] \\ //(floral mint)// |{{:cis_roseoxide.jpg|cis-rose oxide}} \\ [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/roseoxide.htm|cis-rose oxide]]  //(floral green)//| 
  
 "Thus the difference in the composition of the aroma compounds between the headspace and the **essential oil** is clearly shown. This is also the case with **dried lime tree flowers** (Flores Tiliae). The main constituents of the essential oil of this drug are 1,8-cineole, linalol, carvone, thymol and carvacrol (concentration more than 2 %), but all of these volatiles only be detected in the headspace in a concentration below. On the other hand p-cymene, fenchone, and  α- and β-thujone are only trace compounds of this essential oil.\\ "Thus the difference in the composition of the aroma compounds between the headspace and the **essential oil** is clearly shown. This is also the case with **dried lime tree flowers** (Flores Tiliae). The main constituents of the essential oil of this drug are 1,8-cineole, linalol, carvone, thymol and carvacrol (concentration more than 2 %), but all of these volatiles only be detected in the headspace in a concentration below. On the other hand p-cymene, fenchone, and  α- and β-thujone are only trace compounds of this essential oil.\\
Zeile 21: Zeile 11:
 [Headspace Analysis of the Dried Herb of Passion Flower (Herba Passiflorae) and Dried Flowers of Lime Tree (Flores Tiliae), G. Buchbauer, J. Jirovetz, B. Remberg, G. Remberg and A. Nikiforov, Flav. Frag. J., 7(6), 329 (1992)] [Headspace Analysis of the Dried Herb of Passion Flower (Herba Passiflorae) and Dried Flowers of Lime Tree (Flores Tiliae), G. Buchbauer, J. Jirovetz, B. Remberg, G. Remberg and A. Nikiforov, Flav. Frag. J., 7(6), 329 (1992)]
  
-"More than 45 headspace constituents of the **living lime tree flowers** were detected by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic methods; more than 35 of them were identified. Main components (concentration higher than 3%) of this mixture with an odour impression similar to that of the genuine lime tree flowers' as well as with weak fresh and aromatic side-notes were limonene (22%), p-cymene (22%), δ3-carene (15%), germacrene-D (9%), β-phellandrene (4%) and farnesol (4%). Using a GC-sniffing technique, regions of specific odour impressions were found by means of which the total odour of the headspace sample of the living flowers was determined: the aromatic odour was caused especially by p-cymene, trans-carveol and germacrene-D; the floral part by linalool, 2-phenylethanol, trans-rose oxide, geraniol, nerol, 2-phenylethyl acetate, geranyl acetate and partly, nerolidol; the fresh part by camphene, limonene and camphor; and the narcotic part by 2-phenylethanol, nerol, heliotropin and farnesol. However, indole, 2-phenylethyl benzoate, farnesyl acetate and some other sesquiterpenes had additional odour notes. The headspace sample of the cut flowers was dominated by a strong terpenic and fresh note with coumarin side-notes, while the typical odours of the genuine flowers were less impressive." \\+{{:26dimethyl357octatriene2ol.jpg| 2,6-dimethyl-3(E),5(Z/E),7-octatriene-2-ol }} 2,6-dimethyl-3(E),5(Z/E),7-octatriene-2-ol //(sweet floral)// 
 + 
 +The highly sensitive 2,6-dimethyl-3(E),5(Z),7-octatriene-2-ol and its 5(E) isomer (natural ratio 1:10, sweet floral odor) are major constituents present only in the headspace and not in extracts of the flowers of T.cordata.\\ 
 +[Trapping, Investigation and Reconstitution of Flower Scents, Roman Kaiser, in: Müller, P.M., and Lamparsky, D. eds. Perfumes: Art, Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht 1994, 213-250] but \\ 
 +Later on, headspace analysis of hyacinth flowers showed that 2,6-dimethylocta-1,3,5,7-tetraenes and 2,6-dimethylocta-3,5,7-triene-2-ols are associated with charcoal as adsorbing material. It was shown that these compounds are artefacts from ocimene which mainly arise during sampling with charcoal. \\ 
 +[Headspace analysis of hyacinth flowers. Brunke, E. J., Hammerschmidt, F. J., Schmaus, G., Flavour and fragrance journal, Vol.9(2), 1994, 59-69]  
 + 
 +"More than 45 headspace constituents of the **living lime tree flowers** were detected by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic methods; more than 35 of them were identified. Main components (concentration higher than 3%) of this mixture with an odour impression similar to that of the genuine lime tree flowers' as well as with weak fresh and aromatic side-notes were limonene (22%), p-cymene (22%), δ3-carene (15%), germacrene-D (9%), β-phellandrene (4%) and farnesol (4%). Using a GC-sniffing technique, regions of specific odour impressions were found by means of which the total odour of the headspace sample of the living flowers was determined: the aromatic odour was caused especially by p-cymene, trans-carveol and germacrene-D; the floral part by linalool, 2-phenylethanol, trans-rose oxide, geraniol, nerol, 2-phenylethyl acetate, geranyl acetate and partly, nerolidol; the fresh part by camphene, limonene and camphor; and the narcotic part by 2-phenylethanol, nerol, heliotropin and farnesol. However, indole, 2-phenylethyl benzoate, farnesyl acetate and some other sesquiterpenes had additional odour notes... \\ 
 +The heavy sweetness and sultriness of the fragrance of the lime tree flowers undoubtedly was due to the content of indole and 2-phenylethyl acetate." \\ 
 [Comprative headspace anaysis of living and fresh cut lime tree flowers (Tiliae flores).  G. Buchbauer, B. Remberg, L. Jirovetz, A. Nikiforov, Flavour and Fragrance Journal (1995) 10(3):221 - 224] [Comprative headspace anaysis of living and fresh cut lime tree flowers (Tiliae flores).  G. Buchbauer, B. Remberg, L. Jirovetz, A. Nikiforov, Flavour and Fragrance Journal (1995) 10(3):221 - 224]
  
 In comparatively small amounts, unsaturated C9 aldehydes and alcohols (catabolites of linolenic acid) are important scent modifiers in violet flowers, linden blossoms and Acacia farnesiana flowers. \\ In comparatively small amounts, unsaturated C9 aldehydes and alcohols (catabolites of linolenic acid) are important scent modifiers in violet flowers, linden blossoms and Acacia farnesiana flowers. \\
 +(Add.: 0.02% (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal was found in the headspace of linden flowers; an extract of the flowers contained also (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol, (E)-2-nonen-1-ol, (Z)-6-nonen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadien-1-ol, and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienol; R.Kaiser pers.comm.) \\
 [Meaningful Scents around the World, Roman Kaiser, Zürich 2006, 43] [Meaningful Scents around the World, Roman Kaiser, Zürich 2006, 43]
  
 "The essential oils of linden blossom from the clean localities contained 47.3-55.0% of oxygenated constituents, while the blossom oils from trees growing on the tile-covered pavements contained only 20.6-27.7% of these compounds. The major constituents determined in linden blossom oils were 3-p-menthene, nonanal, nonanoic acid, α-cadinene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, kaurene, aliphatic hydrocarbons (C20H42 - C24H50). The identified compounds (169 out of 250) made up 73.4-97.7% of the oils." \\ "The essential oils of linden blossom from the clean localities contained 47.3-55.0% of oxygenated constituents, while the blossom oils from trees growing on the tile-covered pavements contained only 20.6-27.7% of these compounds. The major constituents determined in linden blossom oils were 3-p-menthene, nonanal, nonanoic acid, α-cadinene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, kaurene, aliphatic hydrocarbons (C20H42 - C24H50). The identified compounds (169 out of 250) made up 73.4-97.7% of the oils." \\
 [Influence of urban environment on chemical composition of Tilia cordata essential oil. Nivinskienė, Ona; Butkienė, Rita; Gudalevič, Alena; Mockutė, Danutė; Meškauskienė, Vilma; Grigaliūnaitė, Banga, Chemija, 2007, Vol. 18, No. 1, 44-49] [Influence of urban environment on chemical composition of Tilia cordata essential oil. Nivinskienė, Ona; Butkienė, Rita; Gudalevič, Alena; Mockutė, Danutė; Meškauskienė, Vilma; Grigaliūnaitė, Banga, Chemija, 2007, Vol. 18, No. 1, 44-49]
 +
 +----
 +
 +As shown by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), linden honey volatiles having high factors of dilution (FD) were identified as 1-hexen-3-one, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, dimethyl trisulphide, methional, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, linalool, p-cresol, 3,9-epoxy-1-p-menthene, 4-methylacetophenone, 3,9-epoxy-1,4(8)-p-menthadiene (linden ether), 1,3-p-menthadien-7-al, p-anisaldehyde, 4-vinylguaiacol, (E)-β-damascenone, eugenol, vanillin and cis-rose oxide. \\
 +[Intensive neutral odourants of linden honey Differences from honeys of other botanical origin., Blank, I., Fischer, K.H., Grosch, W., Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung, 189(5), 1989, 426-433] [[http://imreblank.ch/ZLUF_1989_189_426.pdf]]
 +
 +|{{:lindenether.jpg|linden ether}} \\ [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1374431.html|linden ether]] \\ //(floral mint)// |{{:cis_roseoxide.jpg|cis-rose oxide}} \\ [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/roseoxide.htm|cis-rose oxide]]  //(floral green)//|
 +
 +"It was shown that 3.9-epoxy-1.4(8)-p-menthadiene and cis-rose oxide, both occurring also in the blossoms of the lime tree Tilia cordata (L.), were typical odourants of the linden honey." \\
 +[Determination of the Chemical Structure of Linden Ether. Imre Blank, Werner Grosch, Wolfgang Eisenreieh, Adelbert Bacher, and Joachim Firl, Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 73 (1990), 1250-1257] [[http://imreblank.ch/HCA_1990_73_1250.pdf]]
  
 {{:tilia_cordata.jpg|}} \\ {{:tilia_cordata.jpg|}} \\
-Tilia cordata as Tilia parviflora: Kohl, F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.51 (1891-1895) [F.G. Kohl] \\+Tilia cordata as Tilia parviflora: Kohl, F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.51 (1891-1895) \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=1017551]] [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=1017551]]
  
-{{:tilia_cordata_botg.jpg?700}} \\+{{:tilia_cordata_botg.jpg}} \\
 Tilia cordata flowers, [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]], Author: Andreas Kraska Tilia cordata flowers, [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]], Author: Andreas Kraska
tilia_cordata_mill.1466107135.txt.gz · Zuletzt geändert: 2016/06/16 21:58 von andreas

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