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Paris quadrifolia L. - Trilliaceae - herb Paris, true love, Einbeere

Perenniel woodland herb, up to 30cm high, native to Europe, Caucasus, Sibiria; rhizome creeping; flowering shoots erect, glabrous, formed every year at the apex of the rhizome; leaves usually 4, elliptic to obovate, in a whorl at the top of the stem; inflorescence a single terminal, erect, long-stalked flower; sepals lanceolate, 2-3.5cm, green; petals nearly as long as sepals, greenish yellow; fruit a globose black berry, poisonous.
„Once germination has begun, emergence of seedlings takes at least 2 years, and it takes several more years for plants to progress from seedlings to become flowering plants.“
[Biological Flora of the British Isles: Paris quadrifolia L., Jacquemyn, H., Brys, R., Hutchings, M.J., Journal of ecology, 96(4), 2008, 833-844] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01397.x/full

The sterodial saponin, pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside showed strong cardiotoxic effects in an in vitro cellular model system.
[Chemical composition and biological activity of Paris quadrifolia L., Jenett-Siems, K., Krause, N., Siems, K., Jakupovic, S., Wallukat, G., Melzig, M.F., Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 67(11-12), 2012, 565-570]

cardiotoxic/cytotoxic pennogenyl saponins (R = sugar part)

Pennogenyl saponins pennogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside and pennogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside exhibited cytotoxic activity against HL-60, HeLa and MCF-7 tumour cells.
[Isolation and identification of cytotoxic compounds from the rhizomes of Paris quadrifolia L., Gajdus, J., Kaczyński, Z., Kawiak, A., Łojkowska, E., Stefanowicz-Hajduk, J., Ochocka, J.R., Stepnowski, P., Pharmacognosy magazine, 10(Suppl 2), 2014, S324]

Redouté, P.J., Les Liliacées, vol.4 t.226 (1805-1816)
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=749983