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--- canarium_luzonicum_blume_a.gray [2014/07/11 13:16] – andreas
+++ canarium_luzonicum_blume_a.gray [2019/03/16 16:06] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-Burseraceae - elemi, manila elemi, **Manilaelemi**
+Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray - syn. Pimela luzonica Blume - Burseraceae - elemi, manila elemi, **Manilaelemi**
-Tree, up to 35m high, native to the Philippines, common in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. [[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40228553#page/634/mode/1up]]
+Tree, up to 35m high, native to the Philippines, common in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. \\
+[[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40228553#page/634/mode/1up]]
-"The tree secretes a soft white resin called Phillipine elemi, from which is borne out in the air and used as incense." [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarium_luzonicum]]
+"The tree secretes a soft white resin called Phillipine elemi, from which is borne out in the air and used as incense." \\ [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarium_luzonicum]]
-"Aromatic elemi oil is steam distilled from the resin. It is a fragrant resin with a sharp pine and lemon-like scent... Elemi resin is chiefly used commercially in varnishes and lacquers, and certain printing inks. It is used as a herbal medicine to treat bronchitis, catarrh, extreme coughing, mature skin, scars, stress, and wounds." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarium_luzonicum]]
+"Aromatic elemi oil is steam distilled from the resin. It is a fragrant resin with a sharp pine and lemon-like scent... Elemi resin is chiefly used commercially in varnishes and lacquers, and certain printing inks. It is used as a herbal medicine to treat bronchitis, catarrh, extreme coughing, mature skin, scars, stress, and wounds." \\ [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarium_luzonicum]]
+Extraction of the oleoresin using volatile solvents produces a resinoid with the olfactive description 'Aromatic, fresh, woody, resinous'. \\
+[[http://matieres-premieres.robertet.com/elemi-resinoid]] \\
+Steam distillation of the resinoid yields elemi oil with olfactive description 'Spicy, peppery, zesty, sparkling'. \\
+[[http://matieres-premieres.robertet.com/elemi-oil]]
-"Manila elemi oil, hydrodistilled from Manila elemi gum, was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Thirty-nine compounds constituting together 99.2% of the oil were identified, limonene being the most abundant (56%)... The other main components indentified were α-phellandrene (17.6%), elemol (6.3%), sabinene (5.7%), α-terpinolene (2.8%), elemicin (2.4%), and β-phellandrene (2.3%). An interesting feature of this oil is the occurance of phellanndrene dimers." [The composition of Manila elemi oil, Merle A. Villanueva, Rosalinda C. Torres, Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer, Temel Özek, Mine Kürkçüoǧlu, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, Vol.8(1), 2006, 35 - 37]
+"Elemi oil is responsible for the fresh-lemony, peppery odor of crude elemi and of elemi resinoid. The main constituent of the oil is phellandrene, a very unstable terpene, widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Small amounts of high-boiling, oxygenated components lend character and interesting dry-out notes to this oil which is found in amounts of 25-28% in elemi. \\
+[Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin. 1960, 185; reprint Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin. Lulu. com, 2017, 144-145 (orig.221-223)]
+"Elemi gum is collected from several species but mainly Canarium luzonicum (Micu)A.Gray (syn.C.commune Wild.) in Malaysia and the Philippines. \\
+[Robin Clery "Fragrant adventures in Madagascar", in: Swift, Karl AD, ed. Advances in flavours and fragrances: From the sensation to the synthesis. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007, 92-98]
+Manila elemi resin is constituted of tetra- and pentacyclic triterpenoids (70-80%) and essential oil (20-30%). An extract of the resin contained monoterpenes (30.8%) and sesquiterpenes (0.4%). Main monoterpenes were limonene (23.5%), α-phellandrene (4.2%), sabinene (0.7%), and γ-terpinene (0.5%). Main sesquiterpenes were elemol, β-eudesmol, and guaiol. \\
+[Brieskorn, Carl Heinz, and Georg Krauß. "Monoterpene, Sesquiterpene und dimere Phellandrene aus Manila-Elemi." Planta medica 52.04 (1986): 305-307]
+|{{:limonene.jpg| limonene }} \\ limonene |{{:alpha_phellandrene.jpg| α-phellandrene }} \\ α-phellandrene |{{:beta_phellandrene.jpg| β-phellandrene }} \\ β-phellandrene |{{elemol.jpg|}} \\ elemol \\ //(faint woody)// | {{elemi_meeu.jpg|}} \\ elemicin (R=OCH3) \\ //(spicy floral)// |
+The essential oil of manila elemi contained limonene (54-56%), α-phellandrene (8-17%), elemol (6-13%), sabinene (3-5%),  elemicin (2-4%), β-phellandrene (2%), α-terpinolene (2%), and α-terpineol (1-2%). \\
+[Gael, Kemal Hiisnii Can Bogart Temel, and Mine Kiirkeiioglu. "The composition of Manila elemi oil." Flavour and fragrance journal 8 (1993): 35-37]
+"Manila elemi oil, hydrodistilled from Manila elemi gum, was analysed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-nine compounds constituting together 99.2% of the oil were identified, limonene being the most abundant (56%)... The other main components identified were α-phellandrene (17.6%), elemol (6.3%), sabinene (5.7%), α-terpinolene (2.8%), elemicin (2.4%), and β-phellandrene (2.3%). An interesting feature of this oil is the occurence of phellandrene dimers. \\
+... oil kept in a colorless container ...showed some significant changes. The relative percentages of limonene remained more or less the same... While the relative amounts of α-phellandrene and sabinene decreased almost by half, there was an approximately two-fold increase in the percentage amounts of elemol, elemicin, α-terpinolene and a number of minor compounds such as α-phellandrene dimer." \\
+[The composition of Manila elemi oil, Merle A. Villanueva, Rosalinda C. Torres, Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer, Temel Özek, Mine Kürkçüoǧlu, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, Vol.8(1), 2006, 35 - 37]