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citrus_x_aurantium_l [2015/12/10 17:15] andreas |
citrus_x_aurantium_l [2018/03/15 10:04] andreas |
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**Neroli** oil is the essential oil steam distilled from the flowers of C. x aurantium. \\ | **Neroli** oil is the essential oil steam distilled from the flowers of C. x aurantium. \\ |
"Main volatile constituents are linalool, nerolidol and farnesol. Etymology: It. neroli, from the French-born Anna Maria de la Trémoille (1670-1722), princess of Nerola, a village near Rome. She loved the fragrance of the orange flowers, and was the first person to have them distilled. The tertiary sesquiterpene alcohol 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene-3-ol was first identified in neroli oil, hence the name nerolidol. Somewhat later, the isomeric alcohol 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol was also identified. It was correspondingly named farnesol, from Villa Farnese, another village near Rome. " [[http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils21/EssentialOils21.htm]] | "Main volatile constituents are linalool, nerolidol and farnesol. Etymology: It. neroli, from the French-born Anna Maria de la Trémoille (1670-1722), princess of Nerola, a village near Rome. She loved the fragrance of the orange flowers, and was the first person to have them distilled. The tertiary sesquiterpene alcohol 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene-3-ol was first identified in neroli oil, hence the name [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1053991.html|nerolidol]]. Somewhat later, the isomeric alcohol 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol was also identified. It was correspondingly named [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1290201.html|farnesol]], from Villa Farnese, another village near Rome. " [[http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils21/EssentialOils21.htm]] |
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| "As most synthetic linalool contains dihydrolinalool (0.5-2.0%), this impurity can be used to determine adulteration of neroli oil with synthetic linalool. Frey (1988) showed that using the selective ion monitoring mode in GC/MS he could detect down to 50 ppm of dihydrolinalool in neroli oil, which corresponds to the addition of 0.5-1.0% synthetic linalool in the oil... Konig et al. (1992) proved through chiral GC analysis that the (R)-(-)-linalool enantiomer was predominant in neroli oil. They also found that (S)-(+)-(E)-nerolidol |
| was the main (>98%) enantiomer found in this same oil" \\ |
| [Lawrence, Brian M. "Progress in Essential Oils-Neroli Oil, Savory Oil, Yarrow Oil and Star Anise Oil." Perfumer and Flavorist 28.6 (2003): 56-75] [[http://media.allured.com/documents/PF_28_06_056_18.pdf]] |
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"The major compounds within the hydrolate [of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) flowers (neroli) grown in Iran] obtained in the laboratory were geraniol (26.6%), α-terpineol (20.7%), linalool (15.4%) and benzene acetaldehyde (5.5%). Linalool (44.1%), methyl anthranilate (11.8%) and cis-linalool oxide (6.1%) were found in high percentages in the Hydrolate from the obtained traditional sample. 1,8-Cineol (15.9%), linalool (13.8%) and α-terpineol (6.6%) were more than other constituents in the industrially obtained hydrolate." \\ | "The major compounds within the hydrolate [of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) flowers (neroli) grown in Iran] obtained in the laboratory were geraniol (26.6%), α-terpineol (20.7%), linalool (15.4%) and benzene acetaldehyde (5.5%). Linalool (44.1%), methyl anthranilate (11.8%) and cis-linalool oxide (6.1%) were found in high percentages in the Hydrolate from the obtained traditional sample. 1,8-Cineol (15.9%), linalool (13.8%) and α-terpineol (6.6%) were more than other constituents in the industrially obtained hydrolate." \\ |
[GC/MS Analysis of Citrus aurantium L. Hydrolate and its Comparison | [GC/MS Analysis of Citrus aurantium L. Hydrolate and its Comparison |
with the Commercial Samples. Hamid Reza Monsef-Esfahani, Yaghoob Amanzade, Zahra Alhani, Homa | with the Commercial Samples. Hamid Reza Monsef-Esfahani, Yaghoob Amanzade, Zahra Alhani, Homa |
Hajimehdipour, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2004) 3: 177 -179] http://ijpr.sbmu.ac.ir/pdf_597_e28bb6bcb662fee9994b1a06bb9f7ab0.html | Hajimehdipour, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2004) 3: 177 -179] [[http://ijpr.sbmu.ac.ir/pdf_597_e28bb6bcb662fee9994b1a06bb9f7ab0.html ]] |
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"The combination of these two sesquiterpene alcohols [(+)-(E)-nerolidol 3% and (E,E)-farnesol 1%], a considerable amount of methyl N-methylanthranilate (0.1%), which resembles the odor of concord grapes, and 1H-indole (0.1%), which, on high dilution posesses a distinct exotic jasmine note, differentiate neroli from petitgrain oil. Other nitrogen-containing compounds such as 2-phenylacetonitrile (0.1%) and (2-nitroethyl)-benzene (0.15%) have been identified by Maurer. With its low treshold of 2 ng/l water (0.002ppb), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (1 ppm) is also important and imparts neroli with an interesting green note." \\ | | {{:linalool.jpg| linalool}} \\ linalool | {{:methylnmethylanthranilate.jpg| methyl N-methylanthranilate}} \\ methyl N-methylanthranilate \\ //(sweet fruity)// | {{:nerolidol_e.jpg| (E)-nerolidol}} \\ (E)-nerolidol \\ //(floral green)// |{{:farnesol_2e6e.jpg| (E,E)-farnesol}} \\ (E,E)-farnesol \\ //(floral muguet)// | |
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| "The combination of these two sesquiterpene alcohols [(+)-(E)-nerolidol 3% and (E,E)-farnesol 1%], a considerable amount of [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1004392.html|methyl N-methylanthranilate]] (0.1%), which resembles the odor of concord grapes, and 1H-indole (0.1%), which, on high dilution posesses a distinct exotic jasmine note, differentiate neroli from petitgrain oil. Other nitrogen-containing compounds such as 2-phenylacetonitrile (0.1%) and (2-nitroethyl)-benzene (0.15%) have been identified by Maurer. With its low treshold of 2 ng/l water (0.002ppb), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (1 ppm) is also important and imparts neroli with an interesting green note." \\ |
[Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 240-241] | [Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 240-241] |
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[Italian Citrus Petitgrain Oils. Part I. Composition of Bitter Orange Petitgrain Oil. Luigi Mondello, Giovanni Dugo, Paola Dugo, Keith D. Bartle, Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol.8 (6) 1996, 597-609] | [Italian Citrus Petitgrain Oils. Part I. Composition of Bitter Orange Petitgrain Oil. Luigi Mondello, Giovanni Dugo, Paola Dugo, Keith D. Bartle, Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol.8 (6) 1996, 597-609] |
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"In addition to linalool, the other important alcohols are geraniol (2.5%), nerol (0.4%), α-terpineol (5.6%), (+)-(R,E)-nerolidol (0.05%) and the intensly woody smelling (+)-spathulenol and (+)-isospathulenol (0.03%)... Although more than 100 carbonyl compounds found in petitgrain oils account for only 0.37%, their importance is unquestioned, among them high-impact compounds as β-ionone (5 ppm) and β-damascenone (2 ppm) that occur in concentrations way above their odor tresholds (0.009 and 0.007 ppb, resp.)...\\ | Enantiomerically pure or nearly pure (R)(-)-linalyl acetate was detected in petitgrain oil of Citrus aurantium L. using a chiral capillary column. \\ |
| [Ravid, Uzi, Eli Putievsky, and Irena Katzir. "Chiral gc analysis of enantiomerically pure (R)(-)‐linalyl acetate in some lamiaceae, myrtle and petitgrain essential oils." Flavour and fragrance journal 9.5 (1994): 275-276] see also \\ |
| [Dugo, Giovanni, et al. "Characterization of oils from the fruits, leaves and flowers of the bitter orange tree." Journal of Essential Oil Research 23.2 (2011): 45-59] |
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| | {{:linalool.jpg| linalool}} \\ linalool |{{:linalylacetate_r.jpg|linalyl acetate}} \\ (R)-(-)-linalyl acetate | {{geraniol.jpg| geraniol }} \\ geraniol | {{:nerolidol_e.jpg| (E)-nerolidol}} \\ (E)-nerolidol | {{:spathulenol_plus.jpg|(+)-spathulenol}} \\ (+)-spathulenol | |
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| "In addition to linalool, the other important alcohols are geraniol (2.5%), nerol (0.4%), α-terpineol (5.6%), (+)-(R,E)-nerolidol (0.05%) and the intensely woody smelling (+)-spathulenol and (+)-isospathulenol (0.03%)... Although more than 100 carbonyl compounds found in petitgrain oils account for only 0.37%, their importance is unquestioned, among them high-impact compounds as β-ionone (5 ppm) and β-damascenone (2 ppm) that occur in concentrations way above their odor tresholds (0.009 and 0.007 ppb, resp.)...\\ |
Another important constituent is 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine with its typical galbanum-like, green note that can be found together with ten other substituted pyrazines. The concentration of [it] in petitgrain oil is 1 ppm, which exceeds its odor treshold by a million times." \\ | Another important constituent is 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine with its typical galbanum-like, green note that can be found together with ten other substituted pyrazines. The concentration of [it] in petitgrain oil is 1 ppm, which exceeds its odor treshold by a million times." \\ |
[Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 238] | [Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 238] |
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{{:citrus_vulgaris.jpg?500}} \\ | {{:citrus_vulgaris.jpg?500}} \\ |
Köhler,F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.1, t.2 (1887) [W.Müller] \\ | Köhler,F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.1, t.2 (1887) [W.Müller] \\ |
[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=249703]] | [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=249703]] |