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Pinus cembra L. - Pinaceae - Swiss pine, Swiss stone pine, Zirbelkiefer, Arbe, Arve
Evergreen pine tree of the European mountains (Tatra, Carpathian, Alps), up to 15m tall; bark brown; young twigs rusty-yellow, in the 2nd year with grayish-black hairs; needles stiff, 1.5mm wide; cone ovoid-shaped, up to 8cm long.
Fresh flowering cones are collected in the Alps in summer and used to flavor Schnapps (35-40% alcohol, together with some rock candy or honey) which is called „Zirbenschnaps“ or „Zirbeler“.
„The tasty and nutritious seeds contain 70% fat and 20% protein and are used today as a treat and for baking. Unlike the similar-looking pine nuts, they are usually less elongated and slightly moistier. The taste is less resinous and more reminiscent of walnuts.“ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirbelkiefer
„The same major monoterpenes, i.e. α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene and β-phellandrene were found in both the cone and foliage volatiles of Swiss stone pine. The monoterpene profile did not vary among cones from the same tree, or among different geographic origins. A few differences were noted between trees from the same stand, and over cone development. In other conifers, cone emissions consisted of the same monoterpenes, plus 3-carene, with specific proportions related to tree species.“
[Cone and foliage volatiles emitted by Pinus cembra and some related conifer species. Dormont, L., Roques, A., & Malosse, C., Phytochemistry, Vol.49(5), 1998, 1269-1277]
„α-Pinene (69.14%) was the major constituent of the needle essential oil while the twig essential oil was characterized by a high content of limonene and β-phellandrene (40.97%) and α-pinene (24.94%). The needle and twig essential oils showed weak DPPH radical scavenging effects. In antimicrobial assays, both essential oils showed high activity against Sarcina lutea and Staphylococcus aureus and no activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.“
[Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of a full grown tree of Pinus cembra L. from the Calimani mountains (Romania). Apetrei, L. C., Spac, A., Brebu, M., Tuchilus, C., & Miron, A., Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, Vol.78(1), 2013, 27-37]
Lambert, A.B., Description of the genus Pinus and some other remarkable plants, 2nd ed., vol.1 p.34 t.23 (1890) [Ferdinand Bauer]
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=794138