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--- geranium_macrorrhizum_l [2016/07/04 12:46] – andreas
+++ geranium_macrorrhizum_l [2021/03/13 15:45] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 Geranium macrorrhizum L. - Geraniaceae -  bigroot geranium, Bulgarian geranium, rock crane's-bill, **Balkan-Storchschnabel**, Großwurzeliger Storchschnabel, Felsen-Storchschnabel
-"... attractive perennial, Geranium macrorrhizum has a thick, succulent rhizome (underground stem) and soft, deeply divided, aromatic leaves. The flowers are produced in the spring and summer, and have a reddish calyx and pink, reddish-purple or rarely white petals... In Bulgaria, G. macrorrhizum is widely grown as a cultural symbol associated with health and good luck. It is the source of Zdravetz oil, which is used in traditional medicine as both a stimulant and as a carminative, and is also used as a fixative in perfumery. Zdravetz is a Bulgarian word meaning ‘health’. The essential oils found in both the aerial parts and rhizomes have been shown to have antibacterial activity." [[http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/geranium-macrorrhizum-rock-cranes-bill]]
+"... attractive perennial, Geranium macrorrhizum has a thick, succulent rhizome (underground stem) and soft, deeply divided, aromatic leaves. The flowers are produced in the spring and summer, and have a reddish calyx and pink, reddish-purple or rarely white petals... In Bulgaria, G. macrorrhizum is widely grown as a cultural symbol associated with health and good luck. It is the source of Zdravetz oil [german: Zdravec-Öl], which is used in traditional medicine as both a stimulant and as a carminative, and is also used as a fixative in perfumery. Zdravetz is a Bulgarian word meaning ‘health’. The essential oils found in both the aerial parts and rhizomes have been shown to have antibacterial activity." [[http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/geranium-macrorrhizum-rock-cranes-bill]]
-"The volatile hydrodistilled compounds from aerial parts and rhizomes of the ethnopharmacologically highly valued plant species Geranium macrorrhizum L. were screened for their antimicrobial activity in disc-diffusion and microdilution assays. The assays pointed out to a very high and selective activity of the oils against Bacillus subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.4–1.0 μg/ml. This prompted us to perform detailed compositional analyses of the oils. GC and GC/MS analyses allowed the identification of 283 constituents. The oils consisted mainly of sesquiterpenoids, the main ones being germacrone (49.7% in the oil from aerial parts) and δ-guaiene (49.2% in rhizome oil). Significant qualitative and quantitative compositional differences in the oils from the two plant parts were observed. Further antimicrobial testing enabled us to determine that germacrone, the major constituent of the oil from aerial parts, was not the sole agent responsible for the observed activity." \\
+"The pleasant  floral-herbaceous-smelling germacrone... was originally isolated by Heinrich Wienhaus as the principal odorant of zdravetz oil..." \\
-[Geranium macrorrhizum L.(Geraniaceae) essential oil: a potent agent against Bacillus subtilis., Radulović, N.S., Dekić, M.S., Stojanović‐Radić, Z.Z., Zoranić, S.K., Chemistry & biodiversity, 7(11), 2010, 2783-2800]
+[Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 325]
 | {{:germacrone.jpg| germacrone}} \\ germacrone \\ //(faint sweet-woody herbaceous)//| {{:guaiene_delta.jpg|δ-guaiene }} \\ δ-guaiene |
+"The volatile hydrodistilled compounds from aerial parts and rhizomes of the ethnopharmacologically highly valued plant species Geranium macrorrhizum L. were screened for their antimicrobial activity in disc-diffusion and microdilution assays. The assays pointed out to a very high and selective activity of the oils against Bacillus subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.4-1.0 μg/ml. This prompted us to perform detailed compositional analyses of the oils. GC and GC/MS analyses allowed the identification of 283 constituents. The oils consisted mainly of sesquiterpenoids, the main ones being germacrone (49.7% in the oil from aerial parts) and δ-guaiene (49.2% in rhizome oil). Significant qualitative and quantitative compositional differences in the oils from the two plant parts were observed. Further antimicrobial testing enabled us to determine that germacrone, the major constituent of the oil from aerial parts, was not the sole agent responsible for the observed activity." \\
+[Geranium macrorrhizum L.(Geraniaceae) essential oil: a potent agent against Bacillus subtilis., Radulović, N.S., Dekić, M.S., Stojanović‐Radić, Z.Z., Zoranić, S.K., Chemistry & biodiversity, 7(11), 2010, 2783-2800]
 "The leaf methanol extract displayed a very strong antibacterial activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, with low minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. These results justify the frequent use of this plant species in folk medicine. Besides the known astringent effect, one can expect that the observed antimicrobial activity against several human pathogens contributes to the wound healing properties of this plant." \\
@@ Zeile 17: / Zeile 20: @@
 [Further antibacterial Geranium macrorrhizum L. metabolites and synthesis of epoxygermacrones., Radulović, N. S., Zlatković, D., Dekić, M., Stojanović‐Radić, Z., Chemistry & biodiversity, 11(4), 2014, 542-550]
-{{:geranium_macrorrhizum.jpg?500}} \\
+{{:geranium_macrorrhizum.jpg?600}} \\
 Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol.50, t.2420 (1823) \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=462477]]
-{{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Geranium_macrorrhizum001.jpg/1280px-Geranium_macrorrhizum001.jpg?700}} \\
-Geranium macrorrhizum by Meneerke bloem, licensed under [[http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html|GFDL]] via [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Geranium_macrorrhizum?uselang=de#/media/File:Geranium_macrorrhizum001.jpg]]
+{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_92/P1140346.JPG}} \\
+Geranium macrorrhizum © Rolf Marschner (2018), [[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=574&t=4835| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]