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--- crataegus_spec [2024/07/19 11:44] – andreas
+++ crataegus_spec [2025/05/01 09:47] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC.(Crataegus oxyacantha auct.), and Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. (syn.Crataegus oxyacantha L.) - Rosaceae - hawthorn, **Weißdorn**
-Deciduous shrubs or small trees, native to the northern hemisphere; flowers with characteristic scent mixture (soapy, amine-like, almond-like).\\
+Deciduous shrub or small tree, native to the northern hemisphere; flowers with characteristic scent mixture (dead-animal/amine-like, soapy, almond-like).\\
 Dry-extracts of hawthorn leaves with blossoms are used to treat decreasing cardic output.
@@ Zeile 10: / Zeile 10: @@
 [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus]]
-"Volatiles from the flowers of hawthorn, although similar in many respects, contained proportionately lower levels of terpenoids, but elevated levels of benzaldehyde, 3-pyridine carboxaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester." \\
+| {{benzaldehyde.jpg| benzaldehyde.jpg}} \\ benzaldehyde | {{anisaldehyde.jpg| anisaldehyde.jpg}} \\ anisaldehyde |
-[A comparison of the flower volatiles from hawthorn and four raspberry cultivars G.W. Robertson, D.W. Griffiths, J.A.T. Woodford, A.N.E. Birch, J.A. Picketa, L.J. Wadhamsa, Phytochemistry Volume 33, Issue 5, 23 July 1993, Pages 1047–1053]
+Volatiles from the flowers of hawthorn contained higher levels of benzaldehyde, 3-pyridine carboxaldehyde, anisaldehyde (4-methoxybenzaldehyde) and methyl anisate (4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester). \\
+[A comparison of the flower volatiles from hawthorn and four raspberry cultivars G.W. Robertson, D.W. Griffiths, J.A.T. Woodford, A.N.E. Birch, J.A. Picketa, L.J. Wadhamsa, Phytochemistry Volume 33, Issue 5, 23 July 1993, 1047-1053]
 The main fragrant volatile components in hawthorn tincture were 3-hexen-1-ol, eugenol, [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1421041.html|diethyl malate]], tiglic acid and citric acid. \\
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 [[http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/2/3/59/htm]]
-Main volatile components of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the frozen flowering aerial parts (including flowers, leaves and branches) were hexanal (2.8%), (Z)-2-hexenal (1.0%), benzaldehyde (0.8%), linalool (20.3%), nonanal (2.1%), methyl salicylate (3.9%), geraniol (2.2%), β-caryophyllene (1.0%), nonadecane (13.4%), eicosane (1.9%), heneicosane (11.4%), phytol (3.0%), tricosane (5.8%), and pentacosane (1.1%). The volatile extract contained many more olcatory interesting compounds like aldehydes, theaspiranes, β-damascenone, and (Z)-jasmone. "However, the olfactive profile of the Crataegus monogyna volatile extract remains truly different from the olfactive profile of the fresh flowers." \\
+Main volatile components of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the frozen flowering aerial parts (including flowers, leaves and branches) were hexanal (2.8%), (Z)-2-hexenal (1.0%), benzaldehyde (0.8%), linalool (20.3%), nonanal (2.1%), methyl salicylate (3.9%), geraniol (2.2%), β-caryophyllene (1.0%), nonadecane (13.4%), eicosane (1.9%), heneicosane (11.4%), phytol (3.0%), tricosane (5.8%), and pentacosane (1.1%). The volatile extract contained many more olfactory interesting compounds like aldehydes, theaspiranes, β-damascenone, and (Z)-jasmone. "However, the olfactive profile of the Crataegus monogyna volatile extract remains truly different from the olfactive profile of the fresh flowers." \\
 [Fernandez, Xavier, et al. „Forgotten perfumery plants: hawthorn volatile extract study.“ Journal of Essential Oil Research (2024): 1-12]
-{{:crataegus_mono.jpg?500}} \\
+„In modern perfumery, the ‘hawthorn’ note is usually used in the form of p-anisaldehyde-based accords, along with coumarin, (methyl)acetophenone, anisyl alcohol, and/or p-methoxyacetophenone, to reproduce the fragrance of hawthorn's flowers. p-Anisaldehyde (4, aniseed, powdery, floral smell) was identified as a predominant compound of the volatile fraction, common to the five extracts. This observation may contribute to confirm the progressive substitution of hawthorn's natural extracts in perfumery by raw material(s) of synthetic origin, especially using synthetic anisaldehyde. Anisyl alcohol (mild-floral, aniseed, powdery smell) was also characterized in all the extracts. Acetophenone (powdery, floral notes) was only identified in the absolute of dried flowers dating from 2017. Coumarin (hay, tonka bean fragrance) was found in the two batches of absolute of dried flowers (2017 and 2018). Finally, methylacetophenone (floral smell) and p-methoxyacetophenone (floral, animal, haylike odor) were not characterized in any extracts.“ \\
+Other predominant volatile compounds were (E)-2-hexenoic acid, 2-phenylethanol, methyl salicylate, eugenol, p-methyl anisate, (Z)-jasmone, β-caryophyllene, α-farnesene, and nonadecane. Common to all extracts were also (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, benzaldehyde, hexanoic acid, benzyl alcohol, linalool, nonanal, phenylacetonitrile, benzoic acid, (E,E,E)-2,4,6-nonatrienal, anisyl alcohol, methyl cinnamate, p-anisic acid, acetovanillone, dihydroactinidiolide, and various linear hydrocarbons (C16 to C20). \\
+[Bouville, Anne‐Sophie, et al. "Forgotten Perfumery Plants‐Part II: New Insights into the Development of Novel Fragrant Ingredients–Hawthorn Case Study." Chemistry & Biodiversity 21.6 (2024): e202301020.] \\
+[[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cbdv.202301020]]
+{{:crataegus_mono.jpg?600}} \\
 Klein,L., Unsere Waldbäume, Sträucher und Zwergholzgewächse, t.55 (1839) [M.Schrödter] \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=284901]]
-{{:weissdorn.jpg?800}} \\
+{{:weissdorn.jpg}} \\
 Crataegus laevigata flowers, [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]], author: Andreas Kraska
-{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_90/P1300949.JPG?800}} \\
+{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_90/P1300949.JPG}} \\
 Crataegus monogyna (subsp. monogyna), Wien 2017; author: Rolf Marschner,
 [[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=573&t=4660| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]