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xanthium_strumarium_l [2015/12/28 19:21]
andreas |
xanthium_strumarium_l [2015/12/28 19:29] (aktuell)
andreas |
| Xanthium strumarium L. - syn. anthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder - Asteraceae \\ | Xanthium strumarium L. - syn. Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder - Asteraceae \\ |
| 苍耳 cang er (chin.), Siberian cocklebur, (large) cocklebur, **Gewöhnliche Spitzklette**, Sibirische Spitzklette | 苍耳 cang er (chin.), Siberian cocklebur, (large) cocklebur, **Gewöhnliche Spitzklette**, Sibirische Spitzklette |
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| "The pistillate heads consist of two pistillate flowers surrounded by a spiny involucre. Upon fruiting, these two flowers ripen into two brown to black achenes and they are completely enveloped by the involucre, which becomes a bur. The bur, being buoyant, easily disperses in the water for plants growing along waterways. However, the bur, with its hooked projections, is obviously adapted to dispersal via mammals by becoming entangled in their hair." [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthium_strumarium]] | "The pistillate heads consist of two pistillate flowers surrounded by a spiny involucre. Upon fruiting, these two flowers ripen into two brown to black achenes and they are completely enveloped by the involucre, which becomes a bur. The bur, being buoyant, easily disperses in the water for plants growing along waterways. However, the bur, with its hooked projections, is obviously adapted to dispersal via mammals by becoming entangled in their hair." [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthium_strumarium]] |
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| The plant contains atractyloside, which leads to an infrequent but often fatal form of herbal poisoning. "The primary mechanism of atractyloside poisoning is known to be inhibition of the mitochondrial ADP transporter. Poisoning in humans may present with either acute hepatic or renal pathology and it is possible that there is a second, different mechanism of toxicity to the hepatocyte. Atractyloside in large amounts gives rise to massive necrosis, but in vitro studies have shown that at lower doses cells progress to apoptosis." \\ | The plant contains carboxyatractyloside (CATR), which leads to an infrequent but often fatal form of herbal poisoning. "Both ATR and CATR inhibit the transport of ADP across the mitochondrial membrane, preventing the synthesis of ATP and leading to failure in gluconeogenesis and cell death because of energy starvation... Poisoning in humans may present with either acute hepatic or renal pathology and it is possible that there is a second, different mechanism of toxicity to the hepatocyte. Atractyloside in large amounts gives rise to massive necrosis, but in vitro studies have shown that at lower doses cells progress to apoptosis." \\ |
| [The biochemistry and toxicity of atractyloside: a review., Stewart, M.J., Steenkamp, V., Therapeutic drug monitoring, 22(6), 2000, 641-649] | [The biochemistry and toxicity of atractyloside: A Review., Stewart, M.J., Steenkamp, V., Therapeutic drug monitoring, 22(6), 2000, 641-649] |
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| The methanol extract of the semen of Xanthium strumarium L. (MEXS) acts as a potent inhibitor of NO, PGE2 and TNF-α production. "Consistent with these findings, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA were down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, MEXS inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity and the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus by blocking the degradation of inhibitor of kappa B-α (IκB-α)... MEXS (100, 200 mg/kg/d, p.o.) reduced acute paw edema induced by carrageenin in rats, and showed analgesic activities in an acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test and a hot plate test in mice." \\ | The methanol extract of the semen of Xanthium strumarium L. (MEXS) acts as a potent inhibitor of NO, PGE2 and TNF-α production. "Consistent with these findings, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA were down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, MEXS inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity and the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus by blocking the degradation of inhibitor of kappa B-α (IκB-α)... MEXS (100, 200 mg/kg/d, p.o.) reduced acute paw edema induced by carrageenin in rats, and showed analgesic activities in an acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test and a hot plate test in mice." \\ |
