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Viola odorata L. - Violaceae - sweet violet, garden violet, English violet, Duftveilchen, März-Veilchen

Perennial herb, up to 10cm high; native to Eurasia, North Africa, cultivated as ornamental; leaves basal, petioled (up to 5cm), orbicular or reniform to broadly ovate-cordate, crenate; flowers fragrant, deep violet, seldom white or pink, stipules ovate, 3-4mm broad.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014395

„Viola odorata flowers give 0.003% essential oil. According to older informations, the oil contains benzyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2,6-nonadienal (violet leaf aldehyde), 2,6-nonadienol. Fragrance principle is parmon (= (E)-α-ionone, as (R)-(+)-enantiomer (99.9%).“
[Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer 2010]

„A recent headspace analysis of violets in bloom even gave 35.7% of α-ionones, 21.1% of β-ionone, and 18.2% of dihydro-β-ionone, which makes together 75% of the headspace.“
[Fragrance chemistry - milestones and perspectives., Gautschi, M., Bajgrowicz, J.A., Kraft, P., CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, Vol.55(5), 2001, 379-387]

„Absolutes isolated from Viola odorata leaves, valuable materials for the flavor and fragrance industry, were studied. Violets are mainly cultivated in France and Egypt and extracted locally. The absolutes of the two origins showed different olfactory profiles both in top and heart notes, as evidenced by sensory analysis… According to the HS-SPME GC/MS analyses, ethyl hexanoate and (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienol were specific volatile compounds of the sample with French origin, while (E,E)-hepta-2,4-dienal, hexanoic acid, limonene, tridecane, and eugenol were specific of the samples with Egyptian origin. Additional compounds that were not detected by HS-SPME GC/MS analysis were revealed by GC-O analyses, some of them being markers of origin. Pent-1-en-3-ol, 3-methylbut-2-enal, 2-methoxy-3-(1-methylethyl)pyrazine, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, β-phenethyl formate, and 2-methoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)pyrazine revealed to be odorant markers of the French sample, whereas cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, and 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone were odorant markers of the Egyptian samples.“
[Volatile Compounds of Viola odorata Absolutes: Identification of Odorant Active Markers to Distinguish Plants Originating from France and Egypt., Saint‐Lary, L., Roy, C., Paris, J.P., Tournayre, P., Berdagué, J.L., Thomas, O.P., Fernandez, X., Chemistry & biodiversity, Vol.11(6), 2014, 843-860]