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Symphytum officinale L. - Boraginaceae - comfrey, Gemeiner Beinwell
Perennial herb, 0.30-1m high, native to Eurasia, introduced to North America; leaves large, hispid, broad lanceolate, ground leaves long petioled, others going up the stem with the base, forming wings; corolla tube reddish-violet or white, calyx nearly half as long as corolla.
„In the treatment of minor blunt injuries several topical drugs are known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. They represent, however, two fundamentally different major pharmacological therapy approaches: the “chemical-synthetical” and the “phytotherapeutical” approach. The main objective of this trial (CODEC_2004) was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of an ointment of Comfrey extract (Extr. Rad. Symphyti) with that of a Diclofenac gel in the treatment of acute unilateral ankle sprain (distortion)… It was confirmatorily shown that Comfrey extract is non-inferior to diclofenac. The 95% confidence interval for the AUC (Comfrey extract minus Diclofenac gel) was 19.01–103.09 h*N/cm2 and was completely above the margin of non-inferiority. Moreover, the results of the primary and secondary variables indicate that Comfrey extract may be superior to Diclofenac gel.“
[Efficacy of a Comfrey root extract ointment in comparison to a Diclo-fenac gel in the treatment of ankle distortions: Results of an observer-blind, randomized, multicenter study. Predel, H. G., Giannetti, B., Koll, R., Bulitta, M., Staiger, C., Phytomedicine, Vol.12(10), 2005, 707-714]
„The objective was to show the superiority of Comfrey root extract ointment (Kytta-Salbe® f; Merck Selbstmedikation GmbH) to placebo ointment in patients with acute upper or low back pain… Comfrey root extract showed a remarkably potent and clical relevant effect in reducing acute back pain. For the first time, also a fast acting effect of the ointment (1 hour) has been witnessed.“
[Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. Giannetti, B. M., Staiger, C., Bulitta, M., Predel, H. G., British journal of sports medicine, Vol.44(9), 2010, 637]
„The key activity-determining constituents of comfrey root extracts and its molecular mechanisms of action have not been completely elucidated. Allantoin and rosmarinic acid are probably of central importance for its pharmacodynamic effects [7]. The German Commission E [8] has assessed Symphyti radix (comfrey root) deriving from Symphytum officinale L. positively for the external use in bruises, strains and sprains and acknowledged its actions as anti-inflammatory, antimitotic and promotion of callus formation.“
[Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials. Staiger, Christiane. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 163.3-4, 2013, 58-64] http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10354-012-0162-4/fulltext.html
The European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy Monograph (ESCOP) on comfrey mentions strains, contusions and distortions, osteoarthritis (OA), epicondylitis, tendovaginitis and periarthritis as therapeutic indications substantiated by clinical trials.
[European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP). Symphyti radix, Comfrey root. In: ESCOP, editor. ESCOP monographs: the scientific foundation for herbal medicinal products. 2nd ed. Suppl. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag; 2009, 249–254]
