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--- spartium_junceum_l [2016/08/20 22:59]
andreas
+++ spartium_junceum_l [2020/04/05 21:23] (aktuell)
andreas
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 Spartium junceum L. - Fabaceae - spanish broom, Pfriemenginster, **Spanischer Ginster**
-"S. junceum ...the sole species in the genus Spartium ... is a vigorous, deciduous shrub growing to 2–4m tall, ...  native to the Mediterranean in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa... has been widely introduced into other areas, and is regarded as a noxious invasive species in places with a Mediterranean climate such as California and Oregon, Hawaii, central Chile, southeastern Australia, the Western Cape in South Africa and the Canary Islands and Azores...\\
+"S.junceum... the sole species in the genus Spartium... is a vigorous, deciduous shrub growing to 2-4m tall, ...  native to the Mediterranean in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa... has been widely introduced into other areas, and is regarded as a noxious invasive species in places with a Mediterranean climate such as California and Oregon, Hawaii, central Chile, southeastern Australia, the Western Cape in South Africa and the Canary Islands and Azores...\\
 The plant is also used as a flavoring, and for its essential oil, known as genet absolute."  \\
 [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartium]]
@@ Zeile 8: / Zeile 8: @@
 [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartium_junceum]]
-The rich aromatic-floral scent of broom in bloom is a combination of methyl anthranilate, indole, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl benzoate, nerolidol, eugenol, phenylethyl butyrate, phenylethanol, methyl benzoate, phenylacetaldehyde, linalool and many minor and trace constituents. \\
+Broom flowers were picked early in the morning before sun becomes intense and vacuum headspace was collected 30 minutes after picking for 30-45 minutes. The concentrate of the headspace volatiles contained methyl anthranilate (32%), 2-aminobenzaldehyde (11%), benzyl cyanide (5.2%), indole (5%), phenylethanol (2.6%), phenylacetaldoxime (2%), α-farnesene (1.8%), and phenylethyl butanoate (1.1%). \\
-[Kaiser, Roman. "Environmental scents at the Ligurian coast." Perfum. Flavor 22 (1997): 7-18.]
+[Joulain, D. "Study of the fragrance given off by certain springtime flowers." Progress in essential oil research (1986): 57-67]
-The flower scent of broom has been found as a delicate combination of aldehydes and esters, mainly (Z)-Hex-3-en-1-yl butanoate (25%), and butyl butanoate (12%). Many additional constituents are present like phenylacetonitrile (3%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (3.0%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate (3.5%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl 2-methylbutanoate (2.7%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl aisovalerate (1.0%), 2-phenethyl butanoate (2%), methyl anthranilate (5%), benzaldehyde (2.1%), 2-aminobenzaldehyde (1%), and vanillin (0.1%) eg. \\
+"Of several species of Spartium (fam. Leguminosae), known as broom, Spartiium junceum L. is used in perfumey. It grows wild in the Mediterranean countries. According to Guenther, the yellow-golden flowers possess an odor 'reminiscent of orange blossoms and grape.' Another source describes the genet flower odor as 'dusty sweet, somewhat leathery and neroli-like.' ... About 1,200 kg of flowers are required to yield 1kg of concrete which gives 0.30 to 0.35 kg of alcohol-soluble absolute. The absolute is viscous oil of a dark-brown color. Yields of the concrete ranging from 0.09 to 1.18 percent were reported by another source. The dark-brown solid waxy concrete gave 30 to 40 percent of absolute. A steam distilled concrete yielded 2 percent of a volatile oil which is only used in analysis and research." \\
+[Pajaujis Anonis, D. "Broom (genêt) in perfumery." Perfumer & flavorist 16.5 (1991): 55-57] \\
+[[https://media.allured.com/documents/9139.pdf]]
+| {{:methylanthranilate.jpg| methyl anthranilate}} \\ methyl anthranilate | {{:2-aminobenzaldehyde.jpg| 2-aminobenzaldehyde}} \\ 2-aminobenzaldehyde | {{:indole.jpg| indole}} \\ indole |
+The rich aromatic-floral scent of broom in bloom is composed of methyl anthranilate, indole, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl benzoate, nerolidol, eugenol, phenylethyl butanoate, phenylethanol, methyl benzoate, phenylacetaldehyde, linalool and many minor and trace constituents. \\
+[Kaiser, Roman. "Environmental scents at the Ligurian coast." Perfum. Flavor 22 (1997): 7-18]
+The flower scent of broom has been found a delicate combination of mainly (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl butanoate (25.3%) and butyl butanoate (12.4%), phenylacetonitrile (3.0%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (3.0%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate (3.5%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl 2-methylbutanoate (2.7%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl isovalerate (1.0%), 2-phenethyl butanoate (2%), methyl anthranilate (5%), benzaldehyde (2.1%), 2-aminobenzaldehyde (1%), and vanillin (0.1%) eg. \\
 [Meaningful scents around the World, Roman Kaiser, 2006, 145 and 266]
@@ Zeile 17: / Zeile 26: @@
 [Identification of volatile constituents from the flower oil of Spartium junceum. Miraldi, Elisabetta, Sara Ferri, and Gianluca Giorgi. Journal of Essential Oil Research 16.6 (2004), 568-570.]
-" The extraction of quinolizidine alkaloids from fresh flowers of Spartium junceum is performed in ethanolic basic conditions... The extract is essentially formed by N-formylcytisine, N-methylcytisine, cytisine and anagyrine. The method allows a high recovery of N-formylcytisine which becomes the predominant alkaloid in S. Junceum flowers." \\
+----
+"The extraction of quinolizidine alkaloids from fresh flowers of Spartium junceum is performed in ethanolic basic conditions... The extract is essentially formed by N-formylcytisine, N-methylcytisine, cytisine and anagyrine. The method allows a high recovery of N-formylcytisine which becomes the predominant alkaloid in S. Junceum flowers." \\
 [Extraction of quinolizidine alkaloids in non aqueous basic conditions: the case of Spartium junceum flowers., Belsito, E. L., Chidichimo, G., Di Gioia, M. L., Leggio, A., Liguori, A., Perri, F., Siciliano, C., Chromatographia, Vol.68(5-6), 2008, 345-349]
-{{:spart_junc.jpg?500}} \\
+{{:spart_junc.jpg?600}} \\
+spanish broom (left) \\
 Gourdon, J., Naudin, P., Nouvelle iconographie fourragère, Atlas, p. 62, t. 23, fig. 1 (1865-1871) \\
 [[http://www.plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=963340]]
+{{:spartium_junceumcc0.jpg?600}} \\
+Spanish broom bush flowering; author: Ewilli08, [[https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en|CC0 (PD)]] \\
+[[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_Broom.jpg]]

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