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Salvia officinalis L. - Lamiaceae - common sage, sage, Echter Salbei, Gartensalbei

Perennial herb or little shrub,native to the Mediterranean region, naturalited in Europe and North America, 20-70cm high; leaves lanceolate, felty; flower violet.

„Salvia officinalis has been used since ancient times for warding off evil, snakebites, increasing women's fertility, and more… The plant had a high reputation throughout the Middle Ages, with many sayings referring to its healing properties and value… Modern evidence shows possible uses as an antisweating agent, antibiotic, antifungal, astringent, antispasmodic …“ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_officinalis

„The factors affecting oil yield and quality of essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) are analyzed. Distillations of oils from individual plants and GC analyses revealed the presence of three chemotypes with different proportions of α- and β-thujone (α/β 10:1, 1.5:1, and 1:10). Different accessions could also be classified as having high (39-44%), medium (22-28%), or low (9%) total thujone contents. Flowering parts of S. officinalis had higher oil contents (1.6 versus 1.1%) and β-pinene levels (27 versus 10%) than leaves and lower thujone levels (16 versus 31%). Major seasonal changes were found in the composition of oil distilled from a flowering type of Dalmatian sage, but oil yields from healthy, established plants did not vary greatly. Total thujone levels were lowest (25%) around flowering in spring and summer, so autumn or winter was the best harvest time to obtain oils with high thujone levels.“
[Essential Oils from Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L.): Variations among Individuals, Plant Parts, Seasons, and Sites. Nigel B. Perry, Rosemary E. Anderson, Nerida J. Brennan, Malcolm H. Douglas, Anna J. Heaney, Jennifer A. McGimpsey, and Bruce M. Smallfield, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 47(5), 1999, 2045-2054]

„GC-MS analyses of sage essential oils identified 37 constituents, representing 90.0% of the total oil. The main components were camphor (24.95%), 1,8-cineole (24.75%) and camphene (7.63%). There are many reports on the chemical composition of the oils isolated from the plants belonging to the genus Salvia, most of which indicate that 1,8-cineole and borneol are the main constituents. These variations in the essential oil composition might have arisen from several differences (climatic,seasonal, geographical, geological). Asllani investigated the composition of essential oils obtained from wild Albanian sage, from detected about 30 were identified. The major components identified were α-thujene (12.2-49.3%), β-thujene (3.1-10.5%), camphor (13.7-37.8%) and 1,8-cineole (3.9-23.4%). These results agree with the results presented here, except that α-thujene and β-thujene were not detected.“
[Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Obtained From Some Spices Widely Used in Mediterranean Region. Viuda-Martos, Manuel, et al., Acta Chimica Slovenica Vol.54(4), 2007, 921]

Quantity and quality of the essential oils of garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.) of 19 accessions were studied. EO quantity was in the ranges 0.3-2.2% w/w in the first year and 0.9-2.5% w/w in the second year, with mean EO quantities in the second year 1-1.6‐fold higher than in the first year. Two accessions from Romania representing a new Salvia officinalis chemotype with viridiflorol as dominant compound and low amounts of α‐ and β‐thujone.
[Lamien‐Meda, Aline, et al. „Variability of the essential oil composition in the sage collection of the Genebank Gatersleben: a new viridiflorol chemotype.“ Flavour and fragrance journal 25.2 (2010): 75-82]

The main components of oils from S.officinalis populations growing wild in Macedonia were camphor (13.1-25.9%), α-thujone (19.2-26.3%), β-thujone (2.0-5.2%), 1,8-cineole (6.5-13.6%), limonene (1.6-2.1%), α-pinene (0.9-1.4%), borneol (1.0-4.6%), caryophyllene (1.7-5.3%), α-humulene (2.8-7.9%), viridiflorol (4.2-7.9), and manool (2.1-3.7%).
[Essential oil composition of wild growing Sage from R. Macedonia., Stefkov, G., Cvetkovikj, I., Karapandzova, M., Kulevanova, S., Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 57(1, 2), 2011, 71-76] http://bulletin.mfd.org.mk/volumes/Volume%2057/57_008.pdf

„Links between phenology, yield and composition of the essential oil of common sage, Salvia officinalis L., grown in Guadalajara (Central Spain) were determined in the different phases of the biological cycle during one year. Data showed an average yield about 1.0%. The analysis of the oil components was carried out by GC-FID and GC/MS. The main oil constituent was α-thujone (40.1-46.5%). Other identified compounds are β-pinene (2.6-4.5%), cineole (3.5-8.7%), β-thujone (4.1-5.6%), camphor (4.1-8.0%), borneol (1.3-3.7%), α-humulene (3.8-7.3%), viridiflorol (3.4-12.6%) and manool (0.1-4.5%). The highest yield of oil was obtained in the period of full flowering and the highest concentration of α-thujone in the period of initial flowering.“
[Seasonal Variation of Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Grown in Castilla-La Mancha (Central Spain). Arraiza, M. P., Arrabal, C., López, J. V., Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, vol.40(2), 2012, 106-108]

„Drinking or gargling Salvia officinalis L. infusion (sage infusion) is thought to soothe a sore throat, tonsillitis, and inflamed, red gums, although structure-based scientific evidence for the key anti-inflammatory compounds in sage infusion is scarce… A significant, more than 50% mean inhibition of PMA/I-induced IL-6 and IL-8 release was demonstrated for the volatile compounds 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphor, and thujone, but not for the nonvolatile rosmarinic acid when applied in concentrations representative of sage infusion. Therefore, the volatile compounds were found to be more effective than rosmarinic acid. 1,8-Cineole, borneol, camphor, and α-/β-thujone chiefly contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of sage infusion in human gingival fibroblasts.“
[Identification of 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphor, and thujone as anti-inflammatory compounds in a Salvia officinalis L. infusion using human gingival fibroblasts., Ehrnhöfer-Ressler, M.M., Fricke, K., Pignitter, M., Walker, J.M., Walker, J., Rychlik, M., Somoza, V., Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 61(14), 2013, 3451-3459]

Kohl,F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.133 (1891-1895)
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=903264

Salvia officinalis, KräuterPark Stolpe 2017, CC BY-SA 3.0, Author: Andreas Kraska