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Salvia officinalis L. - Lamiaceae - common sage, sage, Echter Salbei, Gartensalbei

Perennial herb or little shrub,native to the Mediterranean region, naturalited in Europe and North America, 20-70cm high; leaves lanceolate, felty; flower violet.

„Salvia officinalis has been used since ancient times for warding off evil, snakebites, increasing women's fertility, and more… The plant had a high reputation throughout the Middle Ages, with many sayings referring to its healing properties and value… Modern evidence shows possible uses as an antisweating agent, antibiotic, antifungal, astringent, antispasmodic …“ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_officinalis

„The factors affecting oil yield and quality of essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) are analyzed. Distillations of oils from individual plants and GC analyses revealed the presence of three chemotypes with different proportions of α- and β-thujone (α/β 10:1, 1.5:1, and 1:10). Different accessions could also be classified as having high (39−44%), medium (22−28%), or low (9%) total thujone contents. Flowering parts of S. officinalis had higher oil contents (1.6 versus 1.1%) and β-pinene levels (27 versus 10%) than leaves and lower thujone levels (16 versus 31%). Major seasonal changes were found in the composition of oil distilled from a flowering type of Dalmatian sage, but oil yields from healthy, established plants did not vary greatly. Total thujone levels were lowest (25%) around flowering in spring and summer, so autumn or winter was the best harvest time to obtain oils with high thujone levels.“
[Essential Oils from Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L.): Variations among Individuals, Plant Parts, Seasons, and Sites. Nigel B. Perry, Rosemary E. Anderson, Nerida J. Brennan, Malcolm H. Douglas, Anna J. Heaney, Jennifer A. McGimpsey, and Bruce M. Smallfield, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 47(5), 1999, 2045–2054]

„GC-MS analyses of sage essential oils identified 37 constituents, representing 90.0% of the total oil. The main components were camphor (24.95%), 1,8-cineole (24.75%) and camphene (7.63%). There are many reports on the chemical composition of the oils isolated from the plants belonging to the genus Salvia, most of which indicate that 1,8-cineole and borneol are the main constituents. These variations in the essential oil composition might have arisen from several differences (climatic,seasonal, geographical, geological). Asllani investigated the composition of essential oils obtained from wild Albanian sage, from detected about 30 were identified. The major components identified were α-thujene (12.2–49.3%), β-thujene (3.1–10.5%), camphor (13.7–37.8%) and 1,8-cineole (3.9–23.4%). These results agree with the results presented here, except that α-thujene and β-thujene were not detected.“ [Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Obtained From Some Spices Widely Used in Mediterranean Region. Viuda-Martos, Manuel, et al., Acta Chimica Slovenica Vol.54(4), 2007, 921]

„Links between phenology, yield and composition of the essential oil of common sage, Salvia officinalis L., grown in Guadalajara (Central Spain) were determined in the different phases of the biological cycle during one year. Data showed an average yield about 1.0%. The analysis of the oil components was carried out by GC-FID and GC/MS. The main oil constituent was α-thujone (40.1-46.5%). Other identified compounds are β-pinene (2.6-4.5%), cineole (3.5-8.7%), β-thujone (4.1-5.6%), camphor (4.1-8.0%), borneol (1.3-3.7%), α-humulene (3.8-7.3%), viridiflorol (3.4-12.6%) and manool (0.1-4.5%). The highest yield of oil was obtained in the period of full flowering and the highest concentration of α-thujone in the period of initial flowering.“
[Seasonal Variation of Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Grown in Castilla-La Mancha (Central Spain). Arraiza, M. P., Arrabal, C., López, J. V., Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, vol.40(2), 2012, 106-108]