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piper_methysticum_g.forst [2014/09/12 22:46] andreas angelegt |
piper_methysticum_g.forst [2015/06/13 11:39] (aktuell) |
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- | The culprit of kava hepatotoxicity will continue to remain a mystery in humans, if the underlying reaction is of idiosyncratic, | + | Piper methysticum G.Forst. |
+ | kava, awa (Hawaii), **Kava Kava** | ||
- | Teschke, R., Sarris, J., & Lebot, V. (2013). Contaminant Hepatotoxins as Culprits for Kava Hepatotoxicity–Fact | + | Evergreen shrub, up to 3m tall, native to the (western) Pacific Isles, cultivated on many Pacific Isles eg. Hawaii; stems thick, green or black, jointed with swollen nodes; leaves alternate, large, green, heart shaped, up to 20cm long; |
+ | "Kava cannot reproduce sexually. Female flowers are especially rare and do not produce fruit even when hand-pollinated. Its cultivation is entirely by propagation from stem cuttings... The roots of the plant are used to produce a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Kava is consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean cultures of Polynesia, including Hawaii, Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia. Kava is sedating and is primarily consumed to relax without disrupting mental clarity. Its active ingredients are called [[http:// | ||
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+ | "Kawa was traditionally prepared by chewing the root to soften it, then putting the chewed root in a calabash or special bowl, mixed with water, and pounded. The resulting liquid is drunk, often from a coconut cup, and followed by a piece of fruit to counteract the bitterness. In its traditional preparation, | ||
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+ | " | ||
+ | capsules, tinctures and fluid extracts, have been available in Europe and the USA... \\ | ||
+ | In traditional kava-kava extracts, glutathione is extracted in a 1:1 ratio with kava lactones and these extracts have no reported side effects. The only recorded abnormality is a slightly raised γ-glutamyltransferase activity. \\ | ||
+ | Based on the evidence discussed in this paper, the reason that kava lactones have been linked to hepatotoxicity is due to their dependence on the cytochrome P450 enzymes for clearance by the liver. The safe use of kava-kava has continued for many years and has been documented. In all traditional preparations of the kava root, the kava lactones are balanced by the availability of glutathione in the preparation. In the tablet and capsule forms of standardized extracts that relate to the reported cases of hepatotoxicity, | ||
+ | [Kava lactones and the kava-kava controversy. Whitton, P. A., Lau, A., Salisbury, A., Whitehouse, J., Evans, C. S., Phytochemistry, | ||
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+ | "The culprit of kava hepatotoxicity will continue to remain a mystery in humans, if the underlying reaction is of idiosyncratic, | ||
+ | [Contaminant Hepatotoxins as Culprits for Kava Hepatotoxicity–Fact or Fiction?. Teschke, R., Sarris, J., Lebot, V., Phytotherapy Research, Vol.27(3), 2013, 472-474] | ||
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+ | {{: | ||
+ | Delessert, B., Candolle, A.P. de, Icones selectae plantarum, vol. 3: t. 89 (1837) \\ | ||
+ | [[http:// | ||