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Nicotiana tabacum L. - syn.Nicotiana chinensis Fisch. ex Lehm. - Solanaceae - tobacco, **Virginischer Tabak**

Annual herb, only known in cultivation, origin tropical South America.

Isomeric megastigma-4,6,8-trien-3-ones (0.1-15ppm in Greek tobacco) are dehydration products of 3-oxo-α-ionol and character-impact compounds of tobacco. \\
[Aaasen, ArneJ., et al. "Tobacco Chemistry 15." Acta Chem. Scand. 26 (1972), 6, 2573-2576] [[http://actachemscand.org/pdf/acta_vol_26_p2573-2576.pdf]] 

Significant volatile constituents of sun-cured tobacco from Greece were e.g. 3-oxo-α-ionol (14ppm), β-ionone (1.3ppm), (E)-β-damascone (0.5ppm), pseudoionone (0.2ppm), and indole (0.2ppm). \\
[Aaasen, ArneJ., et al. "Tobacco Chemistry 15." Acta Chem. Scand. 26 (1972), 6, 2177-2184] [[http://actachemscand.org/pdf/acta_vol_26_p2177-2184.pdf]] see also \\
[Mookherjee, B. D., and Richard A. Wilson. „Tobacco constituents: Their importance in flavor and fragrance chemistry.“ Perfum. Flavor 15.1 (1990): 27-49]
[[https://img.perfumerflavorist.com/files/base/allured/all/document/2016/03/pf.9003.pdf]]

"The steam-volatile components of cigarette, pipe, and chewing tobaccos were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In comparison with tobacco from the 1R1 reference cigarette, several compounds were found to be unique to specific commercial tobacco blends or present in significantly greater quantity. Maltol, benzoic acid, anethole, piperonal, triacetin, coumarin, myristicin, p-cresol, 4-ethoxy-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate were among the tobacco flavorants detected in commercial  tobaccos." \\
[LaVoie, Edmond J., et al. "Comparison of the steam-volatile components of commercial cigarette, pipe, and chewing tobaccos." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 33.5 (1985): 876-879]

α-Damascone was isolated from Virginia tobacco extract and from black tea aroma and proofed to be racemic with slight (R)-(+) excess. \\
[Chirospecific analysis in flavor and essential oil chemistry Part B. Direct enantiomer resolution of trans-α-ionone and trans-α-damascone by inclusion gas chromatography., Werkhoff, P., Bretschneider, W., Güntert, M., Hopp, R., Surburg, H., Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung, Vol.192(2), 1991, 111-115]

A large number of carotenoid degradation products are encountered in tobacco leaves, mainly the megastigmatrienones, damascenone, dihydractinodiolide, oxoeudalane and isophorone. Major acyclic isoprenoids are linalool, linalool oxide and geranyl acetone. The cembratriene-4,6-diols are the major cembranoids of tobaccos (Virginia tobacco: 0.23%), and the major degradation products of them are [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanone|solanone]] (=[[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1513991.html|virginione]], (E)-5-isopropyl-8-methylnona-6,8-dien-2-one), solanol and norsolanadione. The green leaves contain [[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:68624|(Z)-abienol]], which during air- and sun-curing decreases significantly while numerous other labdanoids and labdanoid degradation products are formed, including the aroma intensive ambrox. \\
"... It is now known that [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclareolide|norambreinolide]] [sclareolide] and related compounds, such as sclaral [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.800.9512&rep=rep1&type=pdf|3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyldodecahydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-ol]], are responsible for the characteristic cedar-amber notes of Havana leaf and Oriental tobacco."  \\
[Basic Chemical Constituents of Tobacco Leaf and Differences among Tobacco Types., Leffingwell, J.C., in: Tobacco: Production, Chemistry, And Technology, D.Layten Davis and Mark T.Nielson, Eds., Blackwell Science
(Pub.), 1999, Chapter 8A] \\
[[http://www.leffingwell.com/download/Leffingwell%20-%20Tobacco%20production%20chemistry%20and%20technology.pdf]]

Aroma properties of tobacco carotenoid derivatives reach from green-hay (safranal, β-cyclocitral), fruity (β-damascone and β-damascenone), sweet-floral (3-oxo-α-ionone), tea (theaspirone) to tobacco (oxo-edulan I and II, 4-oxo-β-ionone), and balsamic-violet-woody (α- and β-ionone). \\
[Tobacco., Leffingwell, J.C., Leffingwell Reports, Vol.2 (6), October, 2002]

|{{solanone.jpg|solanone}} \\ solanone |{{:megastigmatrienone.jpg|}} \\ (6Z,8E)-megastigma-4,6,8-trien-3-one \\ (one of the [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1041871.html|tabanone]] isomers)|{{:damascenone.jpg|}} \\ (E)-β-damascenone |{{:ionone_beta.jpg| β-ionone}} \\ β-ionone | {{:indole.jpg| indole}} \\ indole |

The megastigma-4,6,8-trien-3-ones which elicit a tobacco-like, woody balsamic odor are considered key aroma components of Burley tobacco. \\
[Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 285-286] \\
(Burley tobacco condensate contains as much as 10% of 3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(2-butenylidene)-cyclohex-2-en-1-one) \\
[Novel Synthesis of 3,5,5‐Trimethyl‐4‐(2‐butenylidene)‐cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one, a Major Constituent of Burley Tobacco Flavour., Demole, E., Enggist, P., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 57(7), 1974, 2087-2091]

„The major volatile flavor compounds of flue-cured and burley tobacco were similar such as neophytadiene, solanone, megastigmatrienone isomers, β-damascenone and β-ionone. On the other hand, volatile flavor compounds such as norambreinolide, sclareolide were specifically identified in oriental tobacco.“ \\
[Lee, Jang-Mi, et al. "Comparison of the volatile flavor compounds in different tobacco types by different extraction methods." Journal of The Korean Society of Tobacco Science (2010)]

"Nicotiana tabacum trichomes produce two types of diterpenoids – the polycyclic labdanoids and the macrocyclic cembranoids – that together may represent up to 10% of the leaf dry weight in some cultivars and under appropriate culture conditions (Wagner, 1991). The major labdanoids are Z-abienol and labdene-diol, whereas the major cembranoids are α- and β-cembratrien-diol (CBT-diols), together with generally smaller quantities of their respective precursors, α- and β-cembratrien-ol (CBT-ols) (Severson et al., 1984)." \\
[Characterization of two genes for the biosynthesis of the labdane diterpene Z‐abienol in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) glandular trichomes., Sallaud, C., Giacalone, C., Töpfer, R., Goepfert, S., Bakaher, N., Rösti, S., Tissier, A., The Plant Journal, Vol.72(1), 2012, 1-17] 
[[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05068.x/full]]

"The macrocyclic musk compounds pentadecan-15-olide and (Z)-octadec-9-en-18-olide have previously been identified in Oriental tobacco. In this study, in addition to the previously reported Oriental constituent, (Z)-octadec-9-en-18-olide, it was notable that Ambrettolide (hexadec-7-en-16-olide) and four isomeric materials as well as Dihydroambrettolide (hexadecan-16-olide) were found. This confirms the findings of 
unpublished reports of Tolman who also found the presence of 5 isomers of ambrettolide." \\
[Leffingwell, John C., et al. "Identification of the volatile constituents of Cyprian Latakia tobacco by dynamic and static headspace analyses." Leffingwell reports 5.2 (2013), 1-29] [[http://www.leffingwell.com/download/latakia2013.pdf]]

{{:nicotiana_tabacum.jpg?600}} \\
Kohl,F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.129 (1891-1895) [F.G.Kohl] \\
[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=700936]]

{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_5/P1370424.JPG?600}} \\
Nicotiana tabacum © Rolf Marschner (2010),  
[[http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=70&t=224| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]
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