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Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms - Myroxylon pereirae (Royle) Klotzsch - Fabaceae
Balsam of Peru, Perubalsam-Baum
Evergreen tree, native to Central America (Mexico to Costa Rica), cultivated Java, Sri Lanka;
„Balsam of Peru smells of vanilla and cinnamon because it contains 60-70% cinnamein (a combination of cinnamic acid, cinnamyl cinnamate, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid and vanillin). The other 30-40% contains resins of unknown composition. It also contains essential oils similar to those in citrus fruit peel. These are all potential allergens… Typical allergic contact dermatitis reactions may occur in individuals allergic to Balsam of Peru or any other chemically related substances. Flare-up of hand eczema is common in sensitive individuals if they use or consume products containing Balsam of Peru or related allergens. Oral exposure may cause sore mouth (tongue) and rash of the lips or angles of the mouth. “
http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/balsam-of-peru-allergy.html
„Balsam of Peru is used worldwide for different purposes. Three quarters of its constituents are still unknown, and its main allergens have not been identified to date… Using different analytic methods such as thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and sensitization experiments in guinea pigs resulted in the identification of a greater number of constituents and the determination of their sensitizing potency.
Benzyl isoferulate, coniferyl cinnamate, hydroconiferyl cinnamate, and hydroconiferyl benzoate were identified among others as new constituents. Also, the presence of coniferyl benzoate could be shown for the first time. It showed the strongest sensitizing capacity of all compounds tested followed by benzyl isoferulate. The latter is a significant cross-linking allergen because it occurs in propolis as well.“
[Identification of New Allergenic Constituents and Proof of Evidence for Coniferyl Benzoate in Balsam of Peru., Hausen, B.M., Simatupang, T., Bruhn, G., Evers, P., Koenig, W.A., Dermatitis, Vol.6(4), 1995, 199-208]
Volatile constituents were identified by SPME/GC-MS analysis of Peru Balsam. A high percentage of nerolidol (38%) was found, together with benzyl benzoate (31%). Major components were also benzyl alcohol (8%), benzoic acid (6%), benzaldehyde, β-farnesene, α-farnesene, and styrene.
SFE CO2 extracts were rich in benzyl benzoate (48-60%), followed by benzyl cinnamate (15-37%) and nerolidol (7-17%).
Major products of hydro distillation were nerolidol (46%) and benzyl benzoate (44%); minor components were benzyl cinnamate (1%) and ethyl benzoate (1%).
[Contribution to the analysis and quality control of Peru Balsam., Mammerler, V., Doctoral dissertation, Uni Wien, 2009]
http://othes.univie.ac.at/4056/1/2009-03-23_0201578.pdf
„Because of their widespread use, fragrances are among the most common causes of contact allergic dermatitis, second only to nickel. During a five-year period 3,065 patients with contact dermatitis were patch tested using a specific mix of fragrances. 509 (16.6%) patients were allergic to the fragrance mix, while 258 (8.4%) patients exhibited an allergic reaction to Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru). Between those 509 patients, 157 were patch tested with eight individual substances contained in the fragrance mix: cinnamal, cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellal, alpha-amyl cinnamal and Evernia prunastri (oak moss). The most frequent allergens were isoeugenol 57.9% (91/157), eugenol 55.4% (87/157), cinnamyl alcohol 34.4% (54/157) and Evernia prunastri (oak moss) 24.2% (38/157). There were 62 patients (39.5%) who exhibited an allergic reaction to both the fragrance mix and Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru).“
[Contact allergy caused by fragrance mix and Myroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru), a retrospective study., Turčić, P., Lipozenčić, J., Milavec-Puretić, V., Marinović Kulišić, S., Collegium antropologicum, 35(1), 2011, 83-87]
http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/97030
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms [as Toluifera pereirae Baillon]
Kohl, F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t. 105 (1891-1895) [F.G. Kohl]
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=688560