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Mentha pulegium L. - Lamiaceae - pennyroyal, European pennyroyal, Polei-Minze
Perennial herb, to 40cm high, native to Europe, Northern Africa and Asia; camphor/peppermint scented; leaves slightly hairy, narrowly elliptic; flowers mauve (or sometimes white).
Said to work as repellant for ants and flies. https://www.organicgardener.com.au/blogs/pennyroyal-and-ants
„Pennyroyal was commonly used as a cooking herb by the Greeks and Romans…Pennyroyal essential oil should never be taken internally because it is highly toxic…“ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha_pulegium
„Hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L., collected from the wild and recorded for the first time from different locations in the higher Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India, provided refreshing pale-coloured essential oils with a characteristic minty flavour. Essential oils from different locations were qualitatively similar and were found to be a complex mixture of at least 45 compounds, of which 24 were identified. Eight compounds accounted for about 87-98% of the oil and were characterized as pulegone (65.9-83.1%), menthone (8.3-8.7%), isomenthone (3.8-4.0%), neo-menthol (0.7-1.3%), pulegol acetate (0.1-1.2%), piperitone (1.3-.2%), γ-terpinene (0.9-1.2%), β-caryophyllene (0.1-0.9%) and β-caryophyllene oxide (0.3-1.9%) by capillary GC, GC–MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.“
[Agnihotri, V. K., Agarwal, S. G., Dhar, P. L., Thappa, R. K., Baleshwar, Kapahi, B. K., Saxena, R. K. and Qazi, G. N. (2005), Essential oil composition of Mentha pulegium L. growing wild in the north-western Himalayas India. Flavour Fragr. J., 20: 607–610. doi: 10.1002/ffj.1497]
„A review of cases of human intoxication with pennyroyal oil (Mentha pulegium: pulegone content 62-97%) indicate that ingestion of 10 ml resulted in moderate to severe toxicity and ingestion of greater than 15 ml (ca. 250 mg/kg bw for a 60 kg woman) resulted in death. The clinical pathology is characterised by massive
centrilobular necrosis, pulmonary oedema and internal haemorrhage.“
http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out133_en.pdf
[Pennyroyal toxicity: measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature. Anderson, I. B., Mullen, W. H., Meeker, J. E., Khojasteh-Bakht, S. C., Oishi, S., Nelson, S. D., Blanc, P. D., Annals of internal medicine, Vol.124(8), 1996, 726-734]
The major component of M.pulegium collected in Morocco was piperitone (35.5%), other compounds present were piperitenone (21.1%), α-terpineol (10.8%), pulegone (6.4%), piperitone oxide (4.0%), menthol (3.2%), menthone (3.0%), neomenthol (2.8%), menthofuran (2.1%), isomenthone (1.5%), carvone (1.1%), geranyl acetate (1.0%), germacrene D (1.0%) and limonene (1.0%).
[GC/MS analysis of volatile compounds of the essential oil of the leaves of Mentha pulegium growing in Morocco, E. Derwich, Z. Benziane, R. Taoui, Chem Bull POLITEHNICA Univ, Vol.55(69), 2010, 103-106] http://www.chemicalbulletin.ro/admin/articole/41880art_2%28103-106%29.pdf
„The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-five components have been identified in the essential oil of M. pulegium. The major constituents of the essential oil were pulegone (54.6%) and menthone (15.1%).“
[Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Mentha pulegium L. Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M, Akbarzadeh M. Journal of essential oil-bearing plants JEOP 01/2011]
„The essential oil revealed menthone, pulegone and neo-menthol as the main constituents, comprising 35.9, 23.2 and 9.2% of the essential oil, respectively.“
[European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Portugal: Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts and essential oil. [Bárbara Teixeiraa, António Marques et al. Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 36, Issue 1, March 2012, 81–87]
„The chemical composition and the biological activities of Mentha pulegium leaves extracts were evaluated. The main components of M. pulegium EO were menthone (41.7%), cis-isopulegone (31.71%) and isomenthone (15.03%).“
[Chemical Composition and in vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Mentha pulegium Leaves Extracts against Foodborne Pathogens. Ghazghazi, Hanene and Chedia, Aouadhi and Weslati, Moufida and Trakhna, Faten and Houssine, Sebei and Abderrazak, Maaroufi and Brahim, Hasnaoui, Journal of Food Safety, Volume 33, Issue 3, pages 239–246, August 2013]
