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Juniperus sabina L. - Cupressaceae
savin, Sadebaum, Stink-Wacholder
Evergreen shrub, 1–4 m tall, native to central and southern Europe and western and central Asia.
„The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 5–10 mm long, and adult scale-leaves 1–2 mm long on slender shoots 0.8–1 mm thick. It is largely dioecious with separate male and female plants…“
There are two different leaf shapes: juvenile needle-shaped, pointed leaves, which are 4-5 mm long and bluish above, arranged in whorls. Juvenile leaves are found mainly on seedlings but mature shrubs sometimes continue to bear some juvenile leaves as well as adult, particularly on shaded shoots low in the crown. At age occur cross-permanently arranged scale-like leaves that are ovate and 1-4 mm long. They have an unpleasant smell when crushed, and have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_sabina
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadebaum
„The chemical composition of the volatile oil of the leaves of local savin juniper and of commercial oil of savin was determined by an improved gas chromatographic technique. Both oils contain d-sabinyl acetate (38, 37.5%) and d-sabinene (30.5, 26%) as the major constituents. Smaller amounts of d,α-pinene, d-myrcene, d-limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, d-isothujone, d-terpinen-4-ol, d-sabinol, d-citronellol, d-cadinene, and l-elemol were isolated. Trace amounts of α-thujene, camphene, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, terpinolene, thujone, geraniol, a cadinene isomer, and δ-cadinol were tentatively identified. A fraction having the typical pungent odor of juniper leaves was isolated, but it was found to consist mainly of the methyl ester of d-citronellic acid. Several unidentified oxygenated sesquiterpenes and a phenol ether were isolated in trace amounts.Some phylogenetic relationships with other thujone-bearing oils analyzed in this series are discussed.“
[Gas-liquid chromatography of terpenes: Part IX. The volatile oil of the leaves of Juniperus sabina L. Rudloff, E. V., Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol.41(11), 1963, 2876-2881]
„Bei äth. Ölen, die durch Wasserdampfdestillation gewonnen werden, scheint
der pH-Wert des Destillationswassers einen Einfluß auf die Terpenzusammensetzung zu haben. Während der Destillation können säurekatalysierte Monoterpenumbildungen stattfinden, wie z. B. die Transformation von Sabinen in α- und γ -Terpinen, Terpinen-4-ol und Terpinolen, je nach Acidität des Wassers. Die Zweigspitzen von J. sabina wurden einer Wasserdampfestillation von 4 h in verschiedenen Pufferlösungen
unterworfen (pH 2,2 bis 8). Das bei pH 5, was in etwa dem pH-Wert des Pflanzenmaterials in wäßriger Lsg. entspricht, erhaltene äth. Öl hat folgende prozentuale Zusammensetzung (GC-Analyse):
Sabinylacetat 37,2%, Sabinen 30,5%, Terpinen-4-ol 6,9%, β-Myrcen 3,8%, γ-Terpinen 3,7%, α-Terpinen 2,3%, Limonen 2,0%, α-Pinen 1,9%, Methylcitronellat 1,6%, δ-Cadinen 1,4%, Terpinolen 1,4%, *trans*-Sabinol
1,4%, Citronellol 1,2%, α-Thujon 0,9%, β-Thujon 0,6%, α-Terpineol 0,5%, *p*-Cymen 0,5%, *trans*-Sabinenhydrat 0,5%, β-Phellandren 0,4%, 1,8-Cineol 0,3%, *cis*-Sabinenhydrat 0,3%, α-Phellandren 0,2%, *cis*-2- *p*-Menthen-1-ol 0,2%, Citronellal 0,2%, *trans*-2- *p*-Menthen-1-ol, in Spuren α-Fenchen und Camphen.
Während der prozentuale Gehalt an Estern (Methylcitronellat, Sabinylacetat)im äth. Öl unter verschiedenen pH-Bedingungen konstant bleibt, sinkt der Gehalt an Sabinen sowie *cis*- und *trans*-Sabinenhydrat mit fallendem
pH-Wert (Sabinen ca. 38% pH 8, ca. 7% pH 2,2), gleichzeitig nimmt der Gehalt an Terpinen-4-ol, α- und γ -Terpinen und Terpinolen zu (Terpinen-4-ol ca. 1% pH 8, ca. 20% pH 2,2)“ [Hager].
„ Juniperus sabina var. arenaria, the sand loving juniper, oil was found to be very similar to that of J. davurica, Mongolia, and J. sabina, on sand dunes in Mongolia. This suggests that J. sabina var. arenaria might be conspecific with J. davurica. Farjon's move (2001) of J. sabina var. arenaria out of J. chinensis is supported. Considerable differentiation was found in populations of J. sabina from the Iberian peninsula. Cedrol, citronellol, safrole, trans-sabinyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and β-thujone were found to be polymorphic in several populations.“ [Geographic variation in the leaf essential oils of Juniperus sabina and var. arenaria. Adams, R. P., S. Nguyen and J. Liu. J. Ess. Oil Res. 18:497-502. 2006.] http://www.juniperus.org/uploads/2/2/6/3/22639912/187-2006jeorsabina18-497.pdf
