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Iris germanica L. - Iridaceae - German iris, **Deutsche Schwertlilie**

Natural hybrid of European origin, 30-80cm high; rhizome usually many-branched, 1-2 cm diam.
"Leaves equitant, blade sometimes purplish at base, ensiform, to 4.5 dm × 3.5 cm, glaucous. Inflorescences with terminal unit 2-3-flowered, branch units 1-2-flowered; spathes green, sometimes with purple base, 2-5 cm, herbaceous with narrow, scarious margins and tip. Flowers: perianth shades of blue-violet, yellow, brown, or white with various patterns of pigment distribution..." [[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200028171]] 

Iris florentina L. (white flag, Florentine iris, Florentine orris, Florentiner Schwertlilie) is a synonym for Iris ×germanica L. nothovar. florentina Dykes. [[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400251]]

Iris germanica root extract (orris butter of Iris germanica) is produced by steam distillation of the grounded and carefully dried (for 5 years at ambient temperature) rhizomes. The typical odor of the oil (violet, floral, woody) is attributed to the irones, which are structurally related to the ionones of violet oil. 

Major constituents of orris butter were cis-γ-irone (30.0-58.5%), cis-α-irone (12.1-31.7%), trans-α-irone (1.0-4.7%), β-irone (0.9-1.8%), methyl myristate (0-14.0%), and ethyl myristate (0-16.5%). \\ 
[Garnero, J., D. Joulain, and P. Buil. "Effect of storage of iris rhizomes on the composition of iris essential oil or concrete and some new constituents." Riv Ital EPPOS 60 (1978): 568-590]

Commercial Iris (germanica L.) oil of Moroccan origin contained cis-α-irone (61.5%), cis-γ-irone (36.7%), and trans-α-irone (0.8%). Minor components were β-ionone, dihydro-β-ionone, and (E)-2-nonenal e.g. \\
[Maurer, Bruno, Arnold Hauser, and Jean‐Claude Froidevaux. "New Irone‐Related Constituents from the essential oil of Iris germanica L." Helvetica Chimica Acta 72.6 (1989): 1400-1415]

"The racemates of all irone isomers ([[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/alpha-irone.htm|cis-α, trans-α]], β, [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/gamma-irone.htm|cis-γ, trans-γ]]) have been resolved by chiral capillary gas chromatography and the separated pure enantiomers have been olfactorily characterized by using GC-sniffing techniques. (+)-cis-γ-Irone and (+)-cis-α-irone were found to have the most interesting organoleptic properties." \\
(+)-Cis-γ-irone (61.3%), (+)-cis-α-irone (34.5%), (+)-trans-α-irone (4.2%) and β-irone (0.16%) were found as the major components of industrially-produced orris oil of I.germanica. \\
[Direct enantioselective separation and olfactory evaluation of all irone isomers., Galfré, A., Martin, P., Petrzilka, M., Journal of Essential Oil Research, 5(3), 1993, 265-277]

|{{:irone_pluscisgamma.jpg|(+)-cis-γ-irone}} \\ (+)-cis-γ-irone |{{:irone_pluscisalpha.jpg|(+)-cis-α-irone}} \\ (+)-cis-α-irone |{{:irone_minuscisalpha.jpg|(-)-cis-α-irone}} \\ (-)-cis-α-irone |{{:irone_minustransgamma.jpg|(-)-trans-γ-irone}} \\ (-)-trans-γ-irone |

"We also had in our hands all ten pure stereoisomers of irones. Only (-)-cis-α-irone (2S,6R) and (-)-trans-γ-irone (2S,6S) were found to possess the delicate and characteristic scent of orris butter, though the other irone samples were also described to smell pleasant of violet and woody notes." \\
[Abate, A., Brenna E., Fugant C., Gatti, FG, Serra S. "Odor and (Bio)diversity: Single Enantiomers of Chiral Fragrant Substances", in: Kraft, P., Swift KAD, Perspectives in flavor and fragrance research. John Wiley & Sons, 2005, 55-65] sse also: \\
[Brenna, Elisabetta, Claudio Fuganti, and Stefano Serra. "From commercial racemic fragrances to odour active enantiopure compounds: the ten isomers of irone." Comptes Rendus Chimie 6.5-6 (2003): 529-546] [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631074803000870]]

"The essential oil of Iris florentina was extracted by hydro distillation by using Clevenger apparatus, and resinoide and absolute were obtained by using n-hexane and ethyl alcohol, respectively. Essential oil components were identified by GC/MS (QP5050 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). Statistically non-significant differences were observed in the fresh and dry rhizome, and statistically significant differences (p<0.01) in the resinoide and absolute of Iris florentina. In the Iris florentina, the fresh and dry rhizome essential oil resinoide were determined as 0.04% and 0.07% respectively, and the resinoide and absolute were obtained as 2.21% and 1.92%, respectively. The main compounds of Iris florentina essential oil, resinoide and absolute were determined as decanoic acid, ethanon, [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/alpha-irone.htm|α-irone]], [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/gamma-irone.htm|trans-2,6-γ-irone]], lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and hexanedioic acid bis ester. In the main components of essential oil, resinoide and absolute of iris were significant differences determined. α-irone and γ-irone contents weren't determined in fresh rhizome essential oil that they are accepted as the most significant commercial quality criteria of iris essential oil. The highest α-irone and trans-2,6-γ-irone contents were obtained in dry rhizome essential oil (4.21% and 7.88%, respectively), their the lowest values were determined in resinoide (0.69% and 1.25%, respectively)." \\
[Scent components in essential oil, resinoids and absolute of iris (Iris florentina L.). Kara, N., Baydar, H., Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol.29(1), 2014, 70-74]

{{iris_florentina.jpg?600}} \\
Iris florentina, Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.2 t.921 (1890) \\
[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=558371]]

{{iris_germanica.jpg?600}} \\
Iris germanica, Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.2 t.923 (1890) \\
[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=558371]]


{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_4/P1300963.JPG}} \\
Iris × germanica  \\ © Rolf Marschner (2010),  
[[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=517&t=1783| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]
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