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Heracleum spondylium L. - Apiaceae - common hogweed, **Wiesen-Bärenklau**

Perennial herb, up to 150cm tall, native to Europe and North Africa.

"The composition and relative percentages of individual components of the oil was determined by chromatographic and spectroscopic means. As a result of GC and GC/MS analyses, 27 components were identified representing 92.6% of the total oil. 1-octanol (50.3%) and octyl butyrate (24.6%) and octyl acetate (7.3%) were characterized as main constituents." \\
[The bioactive essential oil of Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt. Iscan, G., Demirci, F., Kurkcuoglu, M., Kivanc, M., & Baser, K. H. C., Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C-Journal of Biosciences, Vol.58(3-4), 2003, 195-200] [[http://www.znaturforsch.com/ac/v58c/s58c0195.pdf]]

{{:octanol_ac.jpg|}} octanol (R=H) and esters like [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1003462.html|octyl acetate]] (R=Ac) 

"The essential oils of three Turkish endemic Heracleum species, H. crenatifolium Boiss., H. platytaenium Boiss. and H. sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt were obtained using hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MWHD), microdistillation (MD), micro steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME) techniques and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Compositions of the oils isolated by different methods showed some differences. The main components in all the oils were found to be octyl acetate (19-95%) and octanol (0.6-5.0%). Octyl isovalerate (0.8-6.4%) and decyl acetate (0.5-4.3%) were the next most abundant constituents in the oil of H. crenatifolium. Octyl hexanoate (3.0-4.7%), (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (1.6-2.1%), octanol (0.7-1.0%) and decanal (0.7-1.2%) were the next major constituents in the oil of H. platytaenium. Octyl butyrate (34.6-41.0%), apiole (4.7-20.4%), (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (2.2-4.4%) and (Z)-4-octenyl butyrate (2.6-3.0%) were found as other main constituents in the oil of H. sphondylium subsp. ternatum." \\
[Comparison of the essential oils of three endemic Turkish Heracleum species obtained by different isolation techniques. Özek, T., Özek, G., Baser, K. H. C., & Duran, A., Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol.17(6), 2005, 605-610]

"The essential oil obtained from the fruits of hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum) growing in central Apennines (Italy) was analysed for chemical composition by gas chromatographic-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil was composed mainly of aliphatic esters (86.9-89.5%), among them octyl acetate (54.9-60.2%) and octyl butyrate (10.1-13.4%) were the most abundant." \\ 
[Composition and biological activities of hogweed [Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt] essential oil and its main components octyl acetate and octyl butyrate. Maggi, F., Quassinti, L., Bramucci, M., Lupidi, G., Petrelli, D., Vitali, L. A., Vittori, S., Natural product research, (ahead-of-print),2014, 1-10] [[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786419.2014.904311]]

{{heracleum_sphondylium.jpg?600}} \\
Masclef, A., Atlas des plantes de France, vol.2, t.130 \\
[[http://plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=508169]]

{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_5/P1340733.JPG}} \\
Heracleum sphondylium \\ © Rolf Marschner (2010),  
[[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=120&t=2332| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]
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