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Eschscholzia californica Cham. - Papaveraceae - California poppy, golden poppy, **Kalifornischer Mohn**, Kalifornischer Kappenmohn, Goldmohn, Schlafmützchen

Annual or short-lived perennial herb, up to 60cm high, native to Northern America (California, Mexico), naturalized in Hawaii, cultivated as courtyard ornamentals elsewhere; leaves tripinnatipartite, lobes various, acutely linear, acutely oblong, or obtusely spatulate-oblong; flowers yellow to orange, usually with orange spot at base. \\
"Native Americans used Eschscholzia californica (no varieties specified) to treat lice, to induce sleep in children, as a poison, for consumption, for toothaches, and as an emetic (D. E. Moerman 1986)." \\
[[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220004967]] \\
"This species is widely cultivated in temperate and Mediterranean-type gardens. Cultivated forms include those with single and semi-double flowers in a wide range of colors from white and cream to yellow, orange, red, pink, and purple." \\
[[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220004967]]

"Eschscholzia californica was the first named member of the genus Eschscholzia, named by the German botanist Adelbert von Chamisso after the Baltic German botanist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, his friend and colleague on Otto von Kotzebue’s scientific expedition to California and the greater Pacific in mid-1810s aboard the Russian ship Rurik..." \\
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica]]

"Eschscholzia californica Cham. is a tradional medicinal plant of the Indians used by the rural population of California for its analgesic and sedative properties... Our study on the aqueous extract shows that this plant reduced the behavioural parameters measured in a familiar environment test in mice (novelty preference, locomotion and rearings in two compartments test) at doses above 100 mg/kg and in non-familiar environment tests (staircase test) at doses above 200 mg/kg. This finding validates its traditional sedative properties confirmed by the sleeping induction at doses above 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, when administered at a dose a of 25 mg/kg, E. californica appeared to also have an anxiolytic action since it produced an increase of the number of steps climbed by mice in the staircase test (anticonflict effect) and that of the time spent by animals in the lit box when they were confronted with the light/dark choice situation." \\
[Behavioural effects of the American traditional plant Eschscholzia californica: sedative and anxiolytic properties., Rolland, A., Fleurentin, J., Lanhers, M.C., Younos, C., Misslin, R., Mortier, F., Pelt, J.M., Planta medica, Vol.57(3), 1991, 212]

The herb contains alkaloids (0.29-0.38%), mainly [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californidine|californidine]] (0.19-0.23%, N-methylated escholtzine) and tertiary nonphenolic bases (0.14-0.15%) like allocryptopine (0.02-0.03%), protopine and escholtzine. \\
[Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer 2010]

"A 70% ethanol extract of California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) was able to bind to 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors at 100 μg/mL. The subsequent isolation procedure yielded the known alkaloids californidine (1), escholtzine (2), [[http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/2169-44-0|N-methyllaurotetanine]] (3), caryachine (4), and O-methylcaryachine (5), along with a new pavine alkaloid, 6S,12S-neocaryachine-7-O-methyl ether N-metho salt (7). The structure of 7 was determined by spectroscopic data interpretation, while the absolute stereochemistry was determined by means of circular dichroism. From the results obtained from the radioligand-binding assay of the pure compounds, including the commercially available protopine (6), it was evident that the activity on the 5-HT1A receptor was at least partly due to the presence of the aporphine alkaloid 3, which showed the highest inhibition of [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT) binding with an EC50 value of 155 nM and a Ki of 85 nM." \\
[Alkaloids from Eschscholzia c alifornica and Their Capacity to Inhibit Binding of [3H] 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin to 5-HT1A Receptors in Vitro., Gafner, S., Dietz, B.M., McPhail, K.L., Scott, I.M., Glinski, J.A., Russell, F.E., Bolton, J.L., Journal of natural products, Vol.69(3), 2006, 432-435]

{{:eschscholzia_california.jpg?500}} \\
Eschscholzia californica Cham. as Chryseis compacta Lindl., Edwards’s Botanical Register, vol.23, t.1948 (1837) [S.A.Drake] \\
[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=408833]]

{{:esch_calif_botg.jpg?600}}
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