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Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. - syn. Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britton; Rudbeckia purpurea L. - Asteraceae
eastern purple-coneflower, purple-coneflower, Purpurfarbener Sonnenhut, Purpurfarbene Kegelblume, Purpursonnenhut, Roter Scheinsonnenhut
Perennial herb, up to 120cm high, native to central North America, naturalized and cultivated as ornamental and herbal remedy; stems usually brownish green; leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, margins usually serrate to dentate, rarely entire; ray corollas pink to purple, laminae spreading to recurved, up to 8cm long; discs corolla lobes greenish to pink or purple; cypselae off-white, 3.5-5mm. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220004561
The fresh plant juice, dried whole herb (Echinaceae purpureae herba), and roots (Echinaceae purpureae radix) are used „… in supportive treatment of colds and inections of the respiratory and unrinary tract; externally to treat wounds, ulcers, and skin inflammations… Immun stimulant properties are ascribed to the polysaccharides but the amids and caffeic acid derivatives also contribute to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in alcoholic extracts.“
[Medicinal Plants of the World. Ben-Erik Van Wyk and Michael Wink, Pretoria 2004, 130]
The E. purpurea tincture Echinaforce(TM) „… induced de novo synthesis of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) mRNA in primary human monocytes/macrophages, but not TNF-α protein. Moreover, LPS-stimulated TNF-α protein was potently inhibited in the early phase but prolonged in the late phase. A study of the main constituents of the extract showed that the alkylamides dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides (1/2), trienoic (3) and dienoic acid (4) derivatives are responsible for this effect. The upregulation of TNF-α mRNA was found to be mediated by CB2 receptors, increased cAMP, p38/MAPK and JNK signaling, as well as NF-κB and ATF-2/CREB-1 activation.“
[Echinacea alkylamides modulate TNF-α gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways., Gertsch, J., Schoop, R., Kuenzle, U., Suter, A., FEBS letters, 577(3), 2004, 563-569] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579304013183
E. purpurea root reportedly contains 0.01–0.04% alkamides, mainly isobutylamides of straight-chain fatty acids with olefinic and/or acetylenic bonds. „Isobutylamides from the roots of E. purpurea contain mainly 2,4-dienoic units, while those of E.angustifolia contain mainly 2-monoene units.“
[Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties., Barnes, J., Anderson, L.A., Gibbons, S., Phillipson, J.D., Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57(8), 2005, 929-954]