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citrus_x_sinensis_l [2018/08/31 15:23]
andreas |
citrus_x_sinensis_l [2022/07/27 10:05] (aktuell)
andreas |
| HR-GC-O and AEDA was applied on a Brazilian orange essence oil (containing limonene 91.7% and valencene 1.4%) with the highest quality in freshness, sweet fruityness and juicyness. Key contributors to the flavor were linalool (FD 512, flowery sweet), decanal (FD 512, citruslike soapy), octanal (FD 256, citruslike green), and ethyl butyrate (FD 256, fruity). Other potent odorants were FD 128: α-pinene; FD 64: limonene, 6-methyl octanal (orange-peel like), 4-decenal, trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal. Odorants with low FD values but interesting odor qualities (fresh, fatty, soapy, orange-peel like) were branched aldehydes like 6-methyl heptanal, 8-methyl nonanal, 8-methyl decanal, (E)-8-tetradecenal and (Z)-8-tetradecenal. \\ | HR-GC-O and AEDA was applied on a Brazilian orange essence oil (containing limonene 91.7% and valencene 1.4%) with the highest quality in freshness, sweet fruityness and juicyness. Key contributors to the flavor were linalool (FD 512, flowery sweet), decanal (FD 512, citruslike soapy), octanal (FD 256, citruslike green), and ethyl butyrate (FD 256, fruity). Other potent odorants were FD 128: α-pinene; FD 64: limonene, 6-methyl octanal (orange-peel like), 4-decenal, trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal. Odorants with low FD values but interesting odor qualities (fresh, fatty, soapy, orange-peel like) were branched aldehydes like 6-methyl heptanal, 8-methyl nonanal, 8-methyl decanal, (E)-8-tetradecenal and (Z)-8-tetradecenal. \\ |
| [Widder, S., Eggers, M., Looft, J., Vossing, T., & Pickenhagen, W. (2003). New flavor compounds from orange essence oil. Handbook of Flavor Characterization: Sensory Analysis, Chemistry, and Physiology, 207-216] | [Widder, S., Eggers, M., Looft, J., Vossing, T., & Pickenhagen, W. (2003). New flavor compounds from orange essence oil. Handbook of Flavor Characterization: Sensory Analysis, Chemistry, and Physiology, 207-216] |
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| | "The composition of volatile aroma constituents of freshly hand extracted orange juice differed significantly from all commercial juices. Despite possessing less total volatiles than commercial juices, freshly hand extracted juice was characterized by a higher number of esters and aldehydes than commercially processed juices." (Aldehydes e.g. Acetaldehyde, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, heptanal, decanal; esters e.g. ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate) \\ |
| | [Bylaite, Egle, and Anne S. Meyer. "Characterisation of volatile aroma compounds of orange juices by three dynamic and static headspace gas chromatography techniques." European food research and technology 222.1 (2006): 176-184] |
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| „Examination of selected highly odoured constituents of orange and mandarin [peel] oils shows the concentration and threshold of these constituents. If the concentration in ppm is divided by its threshold (also in ppm), the percentage importance of these constituents reveals that in orange oil the major components responsible for the odour character of this oil are octanal, decanal, linalool, ß-sinensal, α-sinensal, and nonanal. Similarly, α-sinensal, octanal, decanal, methyl N-methylanthranilate, nonanal and linalool are the major components responsible for the odour of mandarine oil.“ \\ | „Examination of selected highly odoured constituents of orange and mandarin [peel] oils shows the concentration and threshold of these constituents. If the concentration in ppm is divided by its threshold (also in ppm), the percentage importance of these constituents reveals that in orange oil the major components responsible for the odour character of this oil are octanal, decanal, linalool, ß-sinensal, α-sinensal, and nonanal. Similarly, α-sinensal, octanal, decanal, methyl N-methylanthranilate, nonanal and linalool are the major components responsible for the odour of mandarine oil.“ \\ |
| [Characterization of aroma active compounds in fruit juice and peel oil of Jinchen sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by GC-MS and GC-O. Qiao, Y., Xie, B. J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, G., Yao, X. L., Pan, S. Y., Molecules, Vol.13(6), 2008, 1333-1344] \\ | [Characterization of aroma active compounds in fruit juice and peel oil of Jinchen sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) by GC-MS and GC-O. Qiao, Y., Xie, B. J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, G., Yao, X. L., Pan, S. Y., Molecules, Vol.13(6), 2008, 1333-1344] \\ |
| [[http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/13/6/1333/pdf]] | [[http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/13/6/1333/pdf]] |
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| | "Quantification of 17 key odorants by stable isotope dilution assays followed by a calculation of odour activity values (OAVs) on the basis of odour thresholds in water or citrate buffer (pH 3.8), respectively, revealed the following most important odorants in the overall aroma of the freshly reconstituted juice: (R/S)-linalool, (R)-limonene and (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate with the highest OAVs (>1,000) followed by octanal, (R)-α-pinene, ethyl butanoate, myrcene, acetaldehyde, decanal and (E)-β-damascenone with OAVs > 100. A model mixture containing all 14 aroma compounds with OAVs > 1 in their actual concentrations in the juice showed a good similarity with the aroma of the original orange juice under investigation, thus corroborating that the key odorants of a freshly reconstituted orange juice were characterised for the first time." \\ |
| | [Averbeck, Melanie, and Peter H. Schieberle. "Characterisation of the key aroma compounds in a freshly reconstituted orange juice from concentrate." European Food Research and Technology 229.4 (2009): 611-622] |
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| The concentration of total volatiles in orange juice from Turkey was nearly 30mg/l. Terpenes quantitatively and qualitatively were the main group of the volatile fraction in orange juice, with limonene representing | The concentration of total volatiles in orange juice from Turkey was nearly 30mg/l. Terpenes quantitatively and qualitatively were the main group of the volatile fraction in orange juice, with limonene representing |
| [Comparison of the key aroma compounds in hand-squeezed and unpasteurised, commercial NFC juices prepared from Brazilian Pera Rio oranges., Seideneck, R., Schieberle, P., European Food Research and Technology, 232(6), 2011, 995-1005] | [Comparison of the key aroma compounds in hand-squeezed and unpasteurised, commercial NFC juices prepared from Brazilian Pera Rio oranges., Seideneck, R., Schieberle, P., European Food Research and Technology, 232(6), 2011, 995-1005] |
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| |{{:valencene.jpg| (+)-valencene }} \\ (+)-valencene \\ (orange woody) |{{:z3hexenal.jpg|(Z)-3-hexenal}} \\ (Z)-3-hexenal \\ (green) |{{:et2mebutanoate_s.jpg|(S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate}} \\ (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate \\ (fruity) |{{:limonener.jpg|(R)-limonene}} \\ (R)-limonene \\ (citrus) |{{:sinensal_alpaeee.jpg|(all-E)-α-sinensal}} \\ (all-E)-α-sinensal \\ (orange)| | |{{:limonener.jpg|(R)-limonene}} \\ (R)-limonene \\ (citrus) |{{:linalool_s.jpg|(S)-linalool}} \\ (S)-linalool \\ (coriandrol: flowery) |{{:z3hexenal.jpg|(Z)-3-hexenal}} \\ (Z)-3-hexenal \\ (green) |{{:et2mebutanoate_s.jpg|(S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate}} \\ (S)-ethyl 2-methylbutanoate \\ (fruity)|{{:valencene.jpg| (+)-valencene }} \\ (+)-valencene \\ (orange woody) | |
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| "In terms of volume, sweet orange peel oil is the most important and least expensive of all citrus oils... The preferred //Valencia// qualities exceed those of other cultivars with an aldehyde level of up to 3%, with even-numbered fatty aldehydes being more abundant than the odd-numbered ones. The double unsaturated (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal has an extremely high aroma value in //Valencia// oils, since its concentration (ca.225ppm) exceeds its treshold value by a factor of over one million. Two constituents that contribute even more to the character and quality of orange oil are α- and β-sinensal. [[http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C17909772&Mask=200|(all-E)-α-sinensal]] has both a pronounced orange aroma character and an extremely low odor treshold of 50ng/l water. In contrast, β-sinensal has a metallic-fishy note that can lead to objectionable off-odors of the oils if present in higher concentrations. The occurence of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencene|(+)-valencene]] as the main component of the sesquiterpene fraction differentiate orange and grapefruit oil from other citrus oils." \\ | "In terms of volume, sweet orange peel oil is the most important and least expensive of all citrus oils... The preferred //Valencia// qualities exceed those of other cultivars with an aldehyde level of up to 3%, with even-numbered fatty aldehydes being more abundant than the odd-numbered ones. The double unsaturated (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal has an extremely high aroma value in //Valencia// oils, since its concentration (ca.225ppm) exceeds its treshold value by a factor of over one million. Two constituents that contribute even more to the character and quality of orange oil are α- and β-sinensal. [[http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C17909772&Mask=200|(all-E)-α-sinensal]] has both a pronounced orange aroma character and an extremely low odor treshold of 50ng/l water. In contrast, β-sinensal has a metallic-fishy note that can lead to objectionable off-odors of the oils if present in higher concentrations. The occurence of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencene|(+)-valencene]] as the main component of the sesquiterpene fraction differentiate orange and grapefruit oil from other citrus oils." \\ |
| [Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 225-226] | [Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 225-226] |
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| | |{{:sinensal_alpaeee.jpg|(all-E)-α-sinensal}} \\ (all-E)-α-sinensal \\ (orange)|{{:rotundone.jpg| rotundone }} \\ rotundone \\ //(spicy peppery) // | |
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| | "An investigation of the aromas of grapefruit, orange, apple, and mango revealed the presence of an odor-active compound that gave off a strong woody odor when assessed by gas chromatography–olfactometry. We isolated the compound from a high-boiling fraction of an orange essential oil, and subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the isolated compound identified it as rotundone. Mass spectra and retention indices obtained from aroma concentrates of grapefruit, apple, and mango were identical to those of rotundone, which was therefore determined to be the common woody compound in these fruits. Sensory analyses were performed to assess the effects of rotundone on model beverages of the various fruits. It was revealed that rotundone added at even subthreshold levels to model beverages did not confer directly the woody odor, but had significant effects on the overall flavors of the beverages, helping them to better approximate the natural flavors of the fruits." \\ |
| | [Nakanishi, Akira, et al. "Identification of rotundone as a potent odor-active compound of several kinds of fruits." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65.22 (2017): 4464-4471] |
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| | Main volatiles of **Citrus sinensis flowers** were 2-hexenal (tr-2.3%), sabinene (6.1-11.2%), β-pinene (0-11.8%), myrcene (1.6-2.5%), limonene (1.5-4.6%), β-ocimene (1.1-8.4%), cis-β-terpineol (0-3.6%), linalool (24.9-46.9%), α-terpineol (tr-4.5%), β-elemene (tr-5.7%), caryophyllene (tr-1.3%), farnesene (1.0-3.8%), δ-cadinene (tr-1.0%), nerolidol (tr-3.6%), farnesol (tr-1.5%), methyl geranate (0-15.8%), phenylacetonitrile (tr-2.4%), indole (4.4-10.4%), methyl anthranilate (0-1.7%), and (E)-8-heptadecene (tr-2.7%). \\ |
| | [Azam, M., Song, M., Fan, F., Zhang, B., Xu, Y., Xu, C., & Chen, K. (2013). Comparative analysis of flower volatiles from nine Citrus at three blooming stages. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(11), 22346-22367] [[http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/11/22346/htm]] |
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| {{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Histoire_et_culture_des_orangers_A._Risso_et_A._Poiteau._--_Paris_Henri_Plon%2C_Editeur%2C_1872.jpg}} \\ | {{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Histoire_et_culture_des_orangers_A._Risso_et_A._Poiteau._--_Paris_Henri_Plon%2C_Editeur%2C_1872.jpg}} \\ |
