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citrus_x_limon

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Citrus x limon - syn. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.; Citrus limonum Risso; Citrus medica var. limon L. - Rutaceae - lemon, Zitrone

Small evergreen tree, native to Asia, cultivated worldwide.

„The parents of the lemon are Citrus ×aurantium and C. medica. Backcrosses with either parent give a range of sour to sweet lemons which go under various names and perhaps would best be considered as forming cultivar groups, e.g., Bergamot Group. The rough lemon, C. ×taitensis Risso (C. ×aurantium subsp. jambhiri Engler; C. ×jambhiri Lushington; C. ×sinensis subsp. jambhiri (Lushington) Engler), sometimes included here, is perhaps C. medica × C. reticulata.“ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250084128

Major components of lemon peel oil are products of isoprenoid biosynthesis: Limonene, citral (geranial and neral), γ-terpinene, β-pinene, and β-bisabolene. But small amounts of methyl epijasmonate are also present and contribute much to the strong scent of very ripe lemons.
[Isolation and characterization of methyl epijasmonate from lemon (Citrus limon Burm.)., Nishida, R., Acree, T.E., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 32(5), 1984, 1001-1003]

„Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), simple sequence repeats (SSR) and isozymes were used to measure genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 95 Citrus L. accessions including 57 lemons [C. limon (L.) Burm. f.], related taxa, and three proposed ancestral species, C. maxima (Burm.) Merrill (pummelo), C. medica L. (citron), and C. reticulata Blanco (mandarin). The ancestry of lemons and several other suspected hybrids was also studied. Five isozyme and five SSR loci revealed relatively little variation among most lemons, but a high level of variation among the relatively distant Citrus taxa. Eight ISSR primers amplified a total of 103 polymorphic fragments among the 83 accessions. Similarity matrices were calculated and phylogenetic trees derived using unweighted pair-group method, arithmetic average cluster analysis. All lemons, rough lemons, and sweet lemons, as well as some other suspected hybrids, clustered with citrons. Most lemons (68%) had nearly identical marker phenotypes, suggesting they originated from a single clonal parent via a series of mutations. Citrons contributed the largest part of the lemon genome and a major part of the genomes of rough lemons, sweet lemons, and sweet limes. Bands that characterize C. reticulata and C. maxima were detected in lemons, suggesting that these taxa also contributed to the pedigree of lemon.“
[Lemons: diversity and relationships with selected Citrus genotypes as measured with nuclear genome markers. Gulsen, O., Roose, M. L., Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol.126(3), 2001, 309-317]

Lemon peel oils consist almost exclusively of hydrocarbons, the olefin fraction is much higher than the oxygenated one. Limonene is the main constituent (48-70%), also present are β-pinene (up to 15%), γ-terpinene (1-8%), α-pinene (0.2-2%), sabinene (0.1-2%), myrcene (1%), p-cymene (0.1-7%), neral (0.1-1%), geranial (0.2-2%), neryl acetate (0.1-3%) and geranyl acetate (0.1-3%). Olefinic sesquiterpenes are also present in low amounts, namely, β-bisabolene (0.5-2%) and trans-bergamotene (0.1-1%). The Barum cultivar has limonene (52%) with linalyl acetate (23%) and linalool (16%).
The major components of lemon leaf oils are limonene (17-23%), β-pinene (10-25%), geranial (14-22%), neral (10-16%). Also present are neryl acetate (1-5%), geranyl acetate (1-3%), linalool (1-8%), 1,8-cineole (1-5%), sabinene (1-4%), (E)-β-ocimene (1-2%), myrcene (1%), α-pinene (1%), 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (1-3%), terpinen-4-ol (0.2-1%), α-terpineol (0.5-1.5%) and citronellal (around 1%).
[Volatile components of peel and leaf oils of lemon and lime species. Lota, M. L., de Rocca Serra, D., Tomi, F., Jacquemond, C., Casanova, J., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol.50(4), 2002, 796-805]
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/11530337_Volatile_components_of_peel_and_leaf_oils_of_lemon_and_lime_species/file/50463522f020861377.pdf

The main constituents of the fresh peel oil are (+)-R-limonene (60-80%), and β-pinene. Together with terpinen-4-ol this compounds are responsible for a green peel odor association. Citral and the C8-C12 alkanals (0.5-0.8%) are regarded as the character-determining components of lemon oil. (E)-α-bergamotene (0.4%) adds a distinct pepper note, and some esters, especially geranyl acetate (0.1-1%) and neryl acetate (0.7%), contribute with fruity notes.
[Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 227-229]

citrus_limon.jpg
Lemon, as Citrus limonum Risso, Köhler,F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.1, t.3 (1887)
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=249920

citrus_x_limon.1465820939.txt.gz · Zuletzt geändert: 2016/06/13 12:28 von andreas

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