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--- citrus_bergamia_risso [2017/06/05 10:12]
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+++ citrus_bergamia_risso [2018/08/03 09:08]
andreas
@@ Zeile 18: / Zeile 18: @@
 |{{:linalool_isomers.jpg|}} \\ [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/linalool.htm|linalool stereo isomers]]: \\ (S)-(+)-linalool (coriandrol: sweet, floral) and \\ (R)-(-)-linalool (licareol: floral, woody lavender) |{{:linalylacetate_r.jpg|linalyl acetate}} \\ (R)-(-)-linalyl acetate | {{:limoneneoxidezplus.jpg|(Z)-limonene oxide}} \\ (Z)-limonene oxide |{{geraniol.jpg| geraniol }} \\ geraniol | {{:terpinene_gamma.jpg| ɣ-terpinene }} \\ ɣ-terpinene |
-"The volatile components of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) essential oil produced in Reggio Calabria in Italy were investigated ... Fifty-five compounds in the oil were identified by GC and GC–MS. The major compounds were limonene (37.2%), linalyl acetate (30.1%), linalool (8.8%), γ-terpinene (6.8%) and β-pinene (6.2%). In sensory analysis, odour description and flavour dilution (FD) factors of each component were evaluated by GC-sniffing and aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA). Bergamot-like odour components were (Z)-limonene oxide, decanal, linalyl acetate and geraniol. A mixture of eight other components, such as limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene and others, in addition to the four bergamot-like aroma compounds, brought about an aroma model of bergamot odour with the similarity of 7.1 by the nine-point-score sensory test." \\
+"The volatile components of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) essential oil produced in Reggio Calabria in Italy were investigated ... Fifty-five compounds in the oil were identified by GC and GC-MS. The major compounds were limonene (37.2%), linalyl acetate (30.1%), linalool (8.8%), γ-terpinene (6.8%) and β-pinene (6.2%). In sensory analysis, odour description and flavour dilution (FD) factors of each component were evaluated by GC-sniffing and aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA). Bergamot-like odour components were (Z)-limonene oxide, decanal, linalyl acetate and geraniol. A mixture of eight other components, such as limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene and others, in addition to the four bergamot-like aroma compounds, brought about an aroma model of bergamot odour with the similarity of 7.1 by the nine-point-score sensory test." \\
-[Characteristic odour components of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) essential oil. Masayoshi Sawamura1, Yuji Onishi, Junko Ikemoto, Nguyen Thi Minh Tu and Nguyen Thi Lan Phi, Flavour and Fragrance Journal (2006), Vol. 21, Issue 4, 609–615]
+[Characteristic odour components of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) essential oil. Masayoshi Sawamura1, Yuji Onishi, Junko Ikemoto, Nguyen Thi Minh Tu and Nguyen Thi Lan Phi, Flavour and Fragrance Journal (2006), Vol. 21, Issue 4, 609-615]
+In bergamot peels and essential oils (home-made and commercial), the (R)-(+)-enantiomer of limonene dominated (98-100%), whereas linalool and linalyl acetate occure as optically pure (R)-(-)-enantiomers. Limonene occurred as an optically pure (R)-(+)-enantiomer in bergamot flesh, while linalool and linalyl acetate were not detected. \\
+"Linalool and linalyl acetate were racemic or almost racemic [(R)-(-), 49-64%] in all commercial flavoured teas, while the enantiomeric ratio of (R)- and (S)-limonene was found to be similar to the ratio of limonene enantiomers in bergamot peels and oils. Since it was clearly shown that natural bergamot flavour contains only one pure enantiomer or very high enantiomeric purities of the (R)-(-)-linalool and (R)-(-)-linalyl acetate, the racemates and the other enantiomeric mixtures of those compounds in the commercial flavoured teas and concentrate imply adulteration of the products. The enantiomeric distribution of linalyl acetate and linalool was not changed during officinal steam distillation. No changes in the relative proportions of the enantiomers of linalyl acetate were reported, but linalool tended to racemize during acidic distillation of bergamot essential oil." \\
+[Ravid, Uzi, et al. "Authenticity assessment of natural fruit flavour compounds in foods and beverages by auto‐HS-SPME stereoselective GC-MS." Flavour and fragrance journal 25.1 (2010): 20-27]
 "Bergamot oil is the only citrus oil in which (+)-limonene (26%) is not the dominant component. The oil is instead rich in linalool (16%) and linalyl acetate (34%). In addition, further 175 constituents have bee characterized, of which 26 (96% of the total oil) occur in concentrations above 0.1%. As with other citrus oils, the majority of the components are present in trace amounts... trans-bergamotene (0.3%) being the dominant sesquiterpene... important trace constituents are aldehydes of the β-substituted α-methyl acrolein type such as β-sinensal, lanceal, and bergamotenal [with its strong woody odor], despite their low abundance... the important ketones are (+)-nootkatone, (+)-8,9-didehydronootkatone, and camphorenone." \\
@@ Zeile 39: / Zeile 43: @@
 [Hypolipemic and hypoglycaemic activity of bergamot polyphenols: from animal models to human studies., Mollace, V., Sacco, I., Janda, E., Malara, C., Ventrice, D., Colica, C., Romeo, F., Fitoterapia, Vol.82(3), 2011, 309-316] [[http://www.ihfglobal.com/education_documents/Bergamia%20Risso%20Study.pdf]]
-{{:citrus_bergamia.jpg?500}} \\
+{{:citrus_bergamia.jpg?600}} \\
 Köhler,F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.3, t.49 (1890) \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=249920]]
+{{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Citrus_bergamia_-_Bergamot.jpg}} \\
+Bergamot, Citrus bergamia, in the Linnean House of the Missouri Botanical Garden (2011) \\
+[[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]], Author James Steakley [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citrus_bergamia_-_Bergamot.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]

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