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--- cinnamomum_cassia_nees [2016/01/01 11:34]
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+++ cinnamomum_cassia_nees [2019/01/24 22:04]
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 "Chinese cassia is a close relative to Ceylon cinnamon (C. verum), Saigon cinnamon (C. loureiroi, also known as "Vietnamese cinnamon"), and Indonesian cinnamon (C. burmannii). In all four species, the dried bark is used as a spice. Chinese cassia's flavour is less delicate than that of Ceylon cinnamon, so is less expensive and is sometimes called //bastard cinnamon//. " [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia]]
-The //essential oil// from the bark of C.cassia has excellent antimicrobial effects against Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroïdes fragilis, and Bifidobacterium bifidus.
+The essential oil from the //bark// of C.cassia has excellent antimicrobial effects against Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroïdes fragilis, and Bifidobacterium bifidus.
 [Growth-inhibiting effects of Cinnamomum cassia barks-derived materials on human intestinal bacteria. Lee H.S., Ahn Y.J., J Agri Food Chem Vol.46, 1998, 8-12]
-"GC-MS analysis on the //essential oil// of Cinnamomum cassia stem bark led to the identification of cinnamaldehyde, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, coumarin, and cinnamyl acetate. The major volatile flavor in C.Cassia oil was found to be 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde." \\
+"GC-MS analysis on the essential oil of Cinnamomum cassia stem //bark// led to the identification of cinnamaldehyde, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, coumarin, and cinnamyl acetate. The major volatile flavor in C.Cassia oil was found to be 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde." \\
 [Constituents of the essential oil of the Cinnamomum cassia stem bark and the Biological Properties. Choi, J., Lee, K. T., Ka, H., Jung, W. T., Jung, H. J., Park, H. J., Archives of pharmacal research, Vol.24(5), 2001, 418-423]
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 "Coumarin... Using the human data, a TDI [tolerable daily intake] of 0.1 mg/kg body weight was derived, confirming that of the European Food Safety Authority. Nutritional exposure may be considerably, and is mainly due to use of cassia cinnamon, which is a popular spice especially, used for cookies and sweet dishes. To estimate exposure to coumarin during the Christmas season in Germany, a telephone survey was performed with more than 1000 randomly selected persons. Heavy consumers of cassia cinnamon may reach a daily coumarin intake corresponding to the TDI." \\
-[Toxicology and risk assessment of coumarin: focus on human data., Abraham, K., Wöhrlin, F., Lindtner, O., Heinemeyer, G., Lampen, A., Molecular nutrition & food research, 54(2), 2010, 228-239]
+[Toxicology and risk assessment of coumarin: focus on human data., Abraham, K., Wöhrlin, F., Lindtner, O., Heinemeyer, G., Lampen, A., Molecular nutrition & food research, 54(2), 2010, 228-239] \\
+[Neue Erkenntnisse zu Cumarin in Zimt, Stellungnahme Nr. 036/2012 des BfR vom 27. September 2012] \\
+[[http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/neue-erkenntnisse-zu-cumarin-in-zimt.pdf]]
 "Cinnamomum cassia Blume is a popular traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to manage respiratory tract disease, including common cold and chronic bronchitis for thousand years. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is one of the leading causes of severe lower respiratory tract illness worldwide.... Antiviral activity of the hot water extract of Cinnamomum cassia against HRSV was tested by plaque reduction assay in both human upper (HEp-2) and low (A549) respiratory tract cell lines... Cinnamomum cassia dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell lines (p<0.0001). Cinnamomum cassia was more effective when given before viral infection (p<0.0001) mainly by inhibition of viral attachment (p<0.0001) and internalization (p<0.0001). Cinnamomum cassia could inhibit F protein production and syncytium formation to interfere with HRSV spreading... Cinnamomum cassia prevented airway epithelia from HRSV infection through inhibiting viral attachment, internalization and syncytium formation. Cinnamomum cassia could be a candidate to develop therapeutic modalities to manage HRSV infection in the future." \\
 [Water extract of Cinnamomum cassia Blume inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and syncytium formation., Yeh, C.F., San Chang, J., Wang, K.C., Shieh, D.E., Chiang, L.C., Journal of ethnopharmacology, 147(2), 2013, 321-326]
-{{:cinnamomum_cassia.jpg?500}} \\
+Of the 26 components identified with GC-O, the ten most odorous compounds (highest mean FD factors in AEDA) were (odor description, logFD): 3-phenylpropanal (green floral hyacinth balsamic, 18.1), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (spicy cinnamon cassia sweet, 17.6), guaiacol (strong sweet smoky vanilla, 16.2), 2-phenylethanol (flowers rose, 14.7), cinnamyl acetate (sweet balsamic floral spicy, 10.9), 2-phenylacetaldehyde (floral hyacinth rose honey, 10.5), acetophenone (sweet pungent cherry sour, 10.0), benzaldehyde (almonds sweet cherry, 9.0), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (oily green herbaceous, 9.0) and o-methoxy cinnamaldehyde (sweet warm spicy cassia, 8.1). \\
+[Bongiovanni, V., et al. "Determining Odor-Active Compounds in a Commercial Sample of Cinnamomum cassia Essential Oil Using GC-MS and GC-O." Journal of Chromatography (2017), 8:1] [[https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/determining-odoractive-compounds-in-a-commercial-sample-ofcinnamomum-cassia-essential-oil-using-gcms-and-gco-2157-7064-1000347.pdf]]
+Main components of commercial cassia oils were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (75.3-79.1%), o-methoxy cinnamaldehyde (0.7-10.1%), cinnamyl acetate (2.0-10.5%), and coumarin (1.9-3.8%). \\
+[[https://www.planttherapy.com/cinnamon-cassia-essential-oil]] GC/MS provided, retrieved 2019-01-25.
+{{:cinnamomum_cassia.jpg?600}} \\
 Kohl,F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.36 (1891-1895) [F.G.Kohl] \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=244192]]

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