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Centaurium erythraea Rafn - syn.Centaurium minus aut.; Centaurium umbellatum Gilib.; Erythraea centaurium auct. - Gentianaceae
(common) centaury, Echtes Tausengüldenkraut

Annual or biennial herb, up to 50cm high, native to Eurasia, Central Asia, North Africa, naturalized in North America; leaves basal, oblong (first year); flowers wheel-shaped, pink (second year).

Swertiamarin and sweroside, isolated from the aerial parts of Centaurium erythraea, „… inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter freundiiand Escherichia coli. While swertiamarin was also active against Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens, sweroside inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis.“
[Bioactivity of secoiridoid glycosides from Centaurium erythraea., Kumarasamy, Y., Nahar, L., Cox, P. J., Jaspars, M., Sarker, S.D., Phytomedicine, Vol.10(4), 2003, 344-347]

The dried aerial parts are used as bitter tonic to treat dyspepsia.
„A bitter tonic to treat digestive disturbances, chronis dyspepsia, and lack of appetite. Traditionally thought to be helpful to treat fever and gastrointestinal, liver, bile, bladder and urological complaints. Externally used for wound treatment…
The plant contains bitter iridoid glycosides, so-called secoiridoids - mainly swertiamarin but also gentiopicrin, deacetylcentapicrin ans sweroside.“
[Medicinal Plants of the World. Ben-Erik Van Wyk and Michael Wink, Pretoria 2004, 89]

The freeze-dried methanolic extract (ultrasonic maceration, 'CE') of C.erythraea contained flavonoides, iridoids and xanthones.
„The short-term (12 days) treatment of the STZ-diabetic rats with CE-extracts resulted in a 74% reduction of the produced hyperglycemia, which is only 6% less than the reduction caused by glibeclamide (GLB, positive control). The CE-extract had a significant impact on the hepatic carbohydrate metabolism enhancing the direct synthesis of glycogen, normalizing phosphorylase a activity and reducing the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, which further causes reduction in production of blood glucose level. The long-term (45 days) treatment showed that the HbA1c in CE-treated group of animals was even lower than in the GLB-treated groups. The antilipidemic assessment of the CE-extract revealed decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL level in the blood of the normal and STZ-hyperglycemic rats.“
[Chemical characterization of Centaurium erythrea L. and its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in experimental diabetes., Stefkov, G., Miova, B., Dinevska-Kjovkarovska, S., Stanoeva, J.P., Stefova, M., Petrusevska, G., Kulevanova, S., Journal of ethnopharmacology, Vol.152(1), 2014, 71-77]

Centaurium erythraea Rafn [as Centaurium minus]
Fuchs, L., New Kreüterbuch, t.217 (1543)
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=220560