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--- averrhoa_carambola_l [2017/01/22 10:07]
andreas
+++ averrhoa_carambola_l [2017/02/12 09:25] (aktuell)
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@@ Zeile 19: / Zeile 19: @@
 [Ray, P.K. (2002), Breeding tropical and subtropical fruits, New Delhi: Narosa Pub. Pub. House, 307-309]
+----
+"The starfruit neurotoxin caramboxin is metabolized and excreted by the kidneys. In healthy individuals caromboxin is readily flushed from the body, but in compromised individuals with renal disease or failure, it accumulates and signs of neurotoxicity, such as the dreaded hiccups, begins. I’ve seen starfruit consumption discouraged, or forbidden, for those with kidney failure or on dialysis, but not nearly frequently enough... consumption of large amounts of starfruit induces oxalate crystal nephropathology and acute renal failure (or exacerbates an existing disorder), preventing the clearance of caramboxin, leading to neurotoxicity in the form of hiccups. Once renal dysfunction clears up, the hiccups go away." \\
+Aqueous solutions of caramboxin lose their biological activity after a few hours. Caramboxin undergoes an intramolecular cyclization (condensation) to an inactive compound. \\
+[[https://naturespoisons.com/2015/10/01/starfruit-which-came-first-the-hiccups-or-the-kidney-failure-caramboxin/]] \\
+[Neto, M. M., da Costa, J. A. C., Garcia‐Cairasco, N., Netto, J. C., Nakagawa, B., & Dantas, M. (2003). Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in 32 uraemic patients: treatment and outcome. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 18(1), 120-125] [[https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/18/1/120/1809123/Intoxication-by-star-fruit-Averrhoa-carambola-in]]
+ \\
+[Garcia‐Cairasco, N., Moyses‐Neto, M., Del Vecchio, F., Oliveira, J. A., dos Santos, F. L., Castro, O. W., ... & Dagostin, A. L. (2013). Elucidating the neurotoxicity of the star fruit. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 52(49), 13067-13070] \\
 {{:avarrhoa_carambola.jpg?600}} \\

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