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Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. - Asteraceae - bái zhú 白术(朮) (chin.), largeheaded atractylodes

Perennial herb, up to 60cm tall, native to China, cultivated there; leaves alternate, 3-5parted, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, upper leaves not parted, 4-10cm long; flowers purplish, terminal.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023528

„Atractylodes Rhizome is officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Roidz. (Fam. Compositae). The drug is collected in winter while the lower leaf of the plant turns yellow and the upper leaf becomes fragile, removed from soil, baked or sunned to dryness, and then removed from fibrous root. It is recommended in traditional Chinese Medicine as a digestive, diuretic and antihidrotic.“
http://duiyaoonline.com/herbs/baizhu.htm

The dried irregularly thick roots, which are used medicinally, have greyish-yellow to brown color, many warty protuberances and wrinkles/furrows and own a somewhat aromatic smell and sweet-pungent taste.
Indications in TCM are: „Polyuria, dysuria, stagnant water in the stomach, diarrhoea, oedema, night sweats, vomiting and unstale fetus in pregnancy.“
[Medicinal plants in China: a selection of 150 commonly used species., World Health Organization., 1989, 48-49]

„… decoction and fluid extract of this drug given intravenously or orally produced a marked and prolonged diuretic action in the albino rats, rabbits and dogs. Together with an increase in urine volume, there was also a marked increase in the excretion of sodium. The glomerular filtration rate was not significantly affected by the drug. The acute LD_(50) for mice was found to be 13.3±0.7 g/kg when given intraperitoneally in the form of decoction.“
[The diuretic action of Atractylodes macrocephala., Min-Chu, C., Chang, I., Acta Physiologica Sinica, 1961, p.Z1]

„To study the diuretic effect of different doses of Atractylodes Macrocephala decoction on different water load mice. The results showed that the decoction didn't present the diuretic function to normal mice treated only once, moderate dose and high dose of the decoction had the antidiuretic function. High dose of the decoction can markedly enhance the rating of cleaning the normal saline away in abdominal cavity, but low dose markedly inhibit that. Conclusion:The effect of drying dampness and diuresis of Atractylodes Macrocephala is not related to diuretic effect, its peritoneal absorption function is suggested.“
[Experimental Study on the Effect of Drying Dampness and Diuresis of Atractylodes Macrocephala [J]., Shi, W.R., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Journal of Fujian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Vol.3, 2007, 12]

„In an attempt to elucidate the physiological activities of (6E, 12E)-tetradecadiene-8, 10-diyne-1, 3-diol diacetate (TDEYA), which was detected as a hydrolysis form (TDEY) in the plasma after oral administration of a decoction of Atractylodes rhizome in rats, we examined the inhibitory effects of various enzymes which are considered to participate in the regulation of body fluid levels and inflammatory reactions.TDEY and TDEYA did not show inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase (CA) or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) at concentrations less than 1.0×10-3 M. However, both acetylene compounds inhibited Na+, K+ adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+ -ATPase) weakly and xanthine oxidase (XO) strongly.From the results of several acetylene compounds examined on XO inhibition, it is clear that the active structure of the compounds is due to the presence of conjugated triple and double bonds.In the in vivo experiment of TDEYA, urine volume, urinary electrolytes and uric acid excretion showed no significant differences from the control. However, the administration of TDEYA to rats tended to increase xanthine excretion.“
[Enzyme inhibitory activities of acetylene and sesquiterpene compounds in Atractylodes rhizome., Sakurai, T., Yamada, H., Saito, K.I., Kano, Y., Biol. Pharm. Bull, Vol.16(2), 1993, 142-145]

„Atractylon, a major component of the crude drug “Byaku-jutsu” (rhizomes of Atractylodes japonica), strongly inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase activity with an I50 value of 8.9 × 10−6 M. It also inhibited Mg2+ ATPase, H+,K+-ATPase, H+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, but less potently.“
[Specific inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity by atractylon, a major component of Byaku-jutsu, by interaction with enzyme in the E 2 state., Satoh, K., Nagai, F., Ushiyama, K., Kano, I., Biochemical pharmacology, Vol.51(3), 1996, 339-343]

„Oral administration of atractylenolide I and 14-acetoxy-12-senecioyloxytetradeca-2E,8E,10E-trien-4,6-diyn-1-ol produced significant anti-inflammatory effects in acute and chronic inflammation models in mice. The screening results with WBCM-C [white blood cell membrane (WBCM) chromatography (WBCM-C)] were correlated significantly with pharmacological effects in vivo. Atractylenolide I and 14-acetoxy-12-senecioyloxytetradeca-2E,8E,10E-trien-4,6-diyn-1-ol were the main components of Atractylodes macrocephala that were effective as anti-inflammatory agents.“
[Screening for the anti-inflammatory activity of fractions and compounds from Atractylodes macrocephala koidz., Li, C.Q., He, L.C., Dong, H.Y., Jin, J.Q., Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol.114(2), 2007, 212-217]

atractylenoide I-III (wikipedia)

„Five components were isolated and identified as atractylenolide III, atractylenolide I, 14-acetoxy-12-senecioyloxytetradeca-2E,8E,10E-trien-4,6-diyn-1-ol, 14-acetoxy-12-α-methylbutyl-2E,8E,10E-trien-4,6-diyn-1-ol and 14-acetoxy-12-β-methylbutyl-2E,8E,10E-trien-4,6-diyn-1-ol by routine spectrometric methods… Further in vivo experiments showed that the five components exhibited significant inhibiting effects both on the ear edema induced by xylene and on the peritoneal capillary permeability induced by acetic acid in mice.“
[Anti-inflammatory components isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Dong, H., He, L., Huang, M., Dong, Y., Natural product research, Vol.22(16), 2008, 1418-1427]

„Ten compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of Atractylodes macrocephala and their aromatase inhibiting activities were tested using an in vitro fluorescent-based aromatase assay. The results indicated that atractylenolide I, atractylenolide II and atractylenolide III had inhibition ratios of 94.56 ± 0.70%, 90.93 ± 1.41% and 86.31 ± 8.46%, respectively, at a concentration of 10 μM. We conclude from our results that atractylenolide and its derivates may serve as potential aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and thus merit continued study in the future.“
[Screening for compounds with aromatase inhibiting activities from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Jiang, H., Shi, J., Li, Y., Molecules, Vol.16(4), 2011, 3146-3151]

„… the main constituents of the petroleum ether extract from the aerial part were lupeol (42.18%), β-amyrin (24.45%), and oleanen-12-en-3-yl acetate (3.67%). The extract of the rhizome obtained by petroleum ether extraction consisted mainly of 3,6-dimethyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-6-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran (72.49%) and guaia-3,9-diene (7.12%).“
[Comparative research of chemical constituents and bioactivities between petroleum ether extracts of the aerial part and the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala., Peng, W., Han, T., Xin, W.B., Zhang, X.G., Zhang, Q.Y., Jia, M., Qin, L.P., Medicinal chemistry research, 20(2), 146-151.]

picture source: Λιούμπας Γιάννης, ΒΟΤΑΝΑ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΗ, http://votanakaifisi.blogspot.de/2012/12/atractylodes-bai-zhi-atractylodes.html