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Alpinia officinarum Hance - Zingiberaceae - galangal, Chinese ginger, lesser galangal, Echter Galgant, Kleiner Galgant

Perennial herb, up to 1.50m high, native to South China, Hainan, cultivated in South China, Hainan, Vietnam, Thailand, India; rhizome hard, much-branched, with red-brown cork; leaves narrow lanceolate, up to 2cm wide and 30cm long; panicles with beautiful white, red-streaked, two-lipped flowers; fruit a capsule.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028288

„The essential oils from fresh and dried rhizomes of galanga (Alpinia officinarum Hance) were obtained by hydrodistillation… In the fresh rhizome, the main components (over 1.0% in content) were 1,8-cineole (50.0%), exo-2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole acetate (11.2%), β-caryophyllene (6.4%), α- and β-pinenes (1.7 and 2.6 %), β-bisabolene (2.6%), chavicol (2.0%), limonene (2.0%), 4-terpineol (1.6%), chavicol acetate (1.2%), and methyl eugenol (1.0%). On drying the rhizome, the monoterpene fraction (including hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds) decreased in content, and the sesquiterpene and aromatic compound fractions increased. Major components of the oil from dried rhizome (over 2.0% in content) were β-bisabolene (9.6%), 1,8-cineole (8.2%), chavicol acetate (5.9%), chavicol (5.3%), eugenyl acetate (3.7%), α-farnesene (3.3%), methyl eugenol (3.3%), β-caryophyllene (2.9%), α-bisabolol (2.6%), spathulenol (2.5%), farnesyl acetate (2.4%), 4-hydroxycinnamyl acetate (2.3%).“
[Volatile components of the essential oils in Galanga (Alpinia officinarum Hance) from Vietnam.,Ly, T.N., Yamauchi, R., Kato, K., Food Science and Technology Research, Vol.7(4), 2001, 303-306]

„Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum (RAO), the dry root and rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance, is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) mainly distributed in southern China. RAO has long been used in practice for its antioxidation, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-diarrhea, antiemetic, analgesia, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation effects… Flavonoids, volatile components and diarylheptanoids are reported as the main constituents of RAO and volatile components contribute a lot to those bioactivities.
Main compounds [of RAO, extracted by hydrodistillation] were presented as follows: α-farnesene (19.68%), γ-muurolene (13.33%), p-menth-1-en-8-ol (10.16%), eucalyptol (6.00%), 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene (5.01%), isocaryophillene (3.97%), cadinol (3.23%), cadina-1(10),4-diene (3.21%) and caryophyllene (2.76%).
Thirty-two volatile compounds from RAO [extracted by HS-SPME] were identified by GC/MS. Their peak areas occupied 91.02% of the total and the major components included α-farnesene (25.37%), γ-muurolene (14.02%), eucalyptol (7.59%), 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)bicy- clo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene (7.05%), p-menth-1-en-8-ol (6.68%), isocaryophillene (4.35%), cadina-1 (10),4-diene (3.89%), caryophyllene (3.05%) and (Z,Z,Z)-1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7-cyclound-ecatriene (2.73%).“
[Volatile components of Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum using three different extraction methods combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry., Xie, Z.S., Xu, X.J., Xie, C.Y., Huang, J.Y., Yang, M., Yang, D. P., Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Vol.3(3), 2013, 215-220]

Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.2, t.187 (1890)
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=46040