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Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. - syn.Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz; Maranta galanga L. - Zingiberaceae
红豆蔻 hong dou kou (chin.), languas, greater galangal, Thai ginger, Siamese ginger, Thai-Ingwer, Siamesischer Ingwer, Galgant

Perennial herb, up to 2m high, native from South China to Indonesia, cultivated throughout Southeast Asia; rhizomes tuberous; leaves oblong or lanceolate, up to 35cm long; flowers green-white, fragrant; fruits red.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028269

„A. galanga is called laos in Indonesian and is the most common form of galangal used in cooking. It is also known as lengkuas and galanga root… Known as பேரரத்தை (perarathai) in Tamil, this form of ginger is used with licorice root, called in Tamil athi-mathuram (Glycyrrhiza glabra) as folk medicine for colds and sore throats.“
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinia_galanga

„… essential oil was prepared in a low yield (0.04-0.15%,) by steam distillation of fresh, comminuted rhizomes… Alternatively, the essential oil was isolated by extraction of the steam distillate with dichloromethane. In a third preparation, dried, finely milled rhizomes were submitted to steam distillation and the oil was extracted with dichloromethane (yield 0.4%).“ Main components of the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (58% fresh, 24% dried rhizome) and trans-β-farnesene (8%, 30% resp.). Other monoterpenes were e.g. 4-terpineol (2%/7%) and α-terpineol (2%/0.8%). Methyleugenol, eugenol acetate, chavicol (4-allylphenol) and chavicol acetate were also present together with unidentified substances with woody and incense-like odor. Camphor and methyl cinnamate was not found. There were far more volatile constituents found in fresh than in dried rhizome.
[The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia., De Pooter, H.L., Omar, M.N., Coolsaet, B.A., Schamp, N.M., Phytochemistry, Vol.24(1), 1985, 93-96]

„The pungent principal of galangal [Alpinia galangal (L.) Swartz] rhizomes was isolated and identified as 1‘-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate). Galangal acetate exhibits a unique pungent sensation, which is less intense than that of capsaicin and without a lingering effect… Galangal acetate is not stable in aqueous solutions and undergoes hydrolysis/isomerization reactions. Therefore, galangal acetate was absent in galangal essential oil obtained by steam distillation. However, galangal acetate was found as one of the major volatile components of the galangal rhizomes by headspace GC analysis. “
[Pungent principal of Alpinia galangal (L.) Swartz and its applications., Yang, X., Eilerman, R.G., Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Vol.47(4), 1999, 1657-1662]

„The essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India were investigated by GC-FID, GC-MS and olfactometry. In all four samples, mono- and sesquiterpenes as well as (E)-methyl cinnamate could be identified. They are responsible for the characteristic odor as well as for the reported use in (folk) medicine and in food products of A. galanga . The essential oil of A. galanga leaves is rich in 1,8-cineole (28.3%), camphor (15.6%), β-pinene (5.0%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (4.6%), bornyl acetate (4.3%) and guaiol (3.5%). The stem essential oil contains 1,8-cineole (31.1%), camphor (11.0%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (7.4%), guaiol (4.9%), bornyl acetate (3.6%), β-pinene (3.3%) and α-terpineol (3.3%). 1,8-cineole (28.4%), α-fenchyl acetate (18.4%), camphor (7.7%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (4.2%) and guaiol (3.3%) are the main constituents of the rhizome essential oil. The root essential oil contains α-fenchyl acetate (40.9%), 1,8-cineole (9.4%), borneol (6.3%), bornyl acetate (5.4%) and elemol (3.1%).“
[Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India., Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Shafi, M.P., Leela, N.K., Acta Pharmaceutica -ZAGREB-, Vol.53(2), 2003, 73-82]
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.321.7946&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. as Galanga major
Rumphius, G.E., Herbarium amboinense, vol.5, p.143, t.63 (1747)
http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=45883