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acorus_calamus_l [2017/04/02 10:44]
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acorus_calamus_l [2022/12/19 14:23] (aktuell)
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| A. calamus var. verus L. and A. calamus var. angustatus Bees (= A. calamus var. angustata Engler? , both verus and angustatus tetraploid, containing up to 8% β-asarone) \\ | A. calamus var. verus L. and A. calamus var. angustatus Bees (= A. calamus var. angustata Engler? , both verus and angustatus tetraploid, containing up to 8% β-asarone) \\ |
| [Biosystematic investigations with Acorus. 4. A synthetic approach to the classification of the genus., Rost, L.C.M., Planta med, Vol.37, 1979, 289-307] \\ | [Biosystematic investigations with Acorus. 4. A synthetic approach to the classification of the genus., Rost, L.C.M., Planta med, Vol.37, 1979, 289-307] \\ |
| "Acorus calamus L. yields different races depending upon the number of chromosomes in the plant cells and consequently different drug types with varying content of β-asarone [= (Z)-asarone]. The phenylpropane derivative proved to be carcinogenic in several animal tests. The diploid drug does not contain traceable amounts of beta-asarone, the triploid variety contains 0.3 per cent in the rhicome, the tetraploid yielded two races with a) 2% and b) between 4% and 8% β-asarone. For reasons of optimal drug safety the use of asarone-rich races should be avoided. They can be distinguished by a fast and safe method of determining the extinction of the drug extract at the β-asarone maxima of 253 and 303 nm." \\ | "Acorus calamus L. yields different races depending upon the number of chromosomes in the plant cells and consequently different drug types with varying content of β-asarone [= (Z)-asarone]. The phenylpropane derivative proved to be carcinogenic in several animal tests. The diploid drug does not contain traceable amounts of β-asarone, the triploid variety contains 0.3 per cent in the rhicome, the tetraploid yielded two races with a) 2% and b) between 4% and 8% β-asarone. For reasons of optimal drug safety the use of asarone-rich races should be avoided. They can be distinguished by a fast and safe method of determining the extinction of the drug extract at the β-asarone maxima of 253 and 303 nm." \\ |
| [To the classification of commercial Calamus drugs., Stahl, E., Keller, K., Planta medica, Vol.43(2), 128-140] | [To the classification of commercial Calamus drugs., Stahl, E., Keller, K., Planta medica, Vol.43(2), 128-140] |
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| **Acorus calamus rhizome**, Calamus: The dried rhizome and also the calamus oil are ancient remedies against gastro-intestinal disorders. The drug was introduced to Europe in the 16th century, coming from India. The rhizome is cutted into pieces after cleaning and dried at moderate temperatures (up to 35 deg.). Sometimes it is peeled before drying. Calamus has an aromatic odor, it tastes spicy, pungent and bitter. \\ | **Acorus calamus rhizome**, Calamus: The dried rhizome and also the calamus oil are ancient remedies against gastro-intestinal disorders. The drug was introduced to Europe in the 16th century, coming from India. The rhizome is cutted into pieces after cleaning and dried at moderate temperatures (up to 35 deg.). Sometimes it is peeled before drying. Calamus has an aromatic odor, it tastes spicy, pungent and bitter. \\ |
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| Constituents. Volatile oil (1-5%, tetraploids also more) with more or less β-asarone, ranging from 0-82%, [CRC; Wichtl; Keller K, Stahl E, DAZ 122,(1982), 2463; Keller K, Stahl E, Planta Med 47,(1983), 71; Stahl E, Keller K, Planta Med 43,(1981), 128 ] , or isoeugenol methyl ether as the main constituents, also the sesquiterpenes calamendiol and isocalamendiol. As mentioned above, the occurence of beta-asarone depends on the variety of calamus and is of great importance to users, as possible carcinogenic effects of the substance in man can not be excluded. [! Li M, Jiang Z, Variations of the essential oils in Acorus calamus L. and their major constituents, Zhongguo Zhonqyao Zazhi 19(5), (1994), pp.274-6) - also showing June to best the best season for A. calamus cropping]. \\ | Constituents. Volatile oil (1-5%, tetraploids also more) with more or less β-asarone, ranging from 0-82%, [CRC; Wichtl; Keller K, Stahl E, DAZ 122,(1982), 2463; Keller K, Stahl E, Planta Med 47,(1983), 71; Stahl E, Keller K, Planta Med 43,(1981), 128 ], or isoeugenol methyl ether as the main constituents, also the sesquiterpenes calamendiol and isocalamendiol. As mentioned above, the occurence of β-asarone depends on the variety of calamus and is of great importance to users, as possible carcinogenic effects of the substance. [! Li M, Jiang Z, Variations of the essential oils in Acorus calamus L. and their major constituents, Zhongguo Zhonqyao Zazhi 19(5), (1994), pp.274-6) - also showing June to best the best season for A. calamus cropping]. The oil of diploid plants found in North America does not contain the carcinogenic compound β-asarone at all. The triploid race (Eastern Europe) contained a limited amount of β-asarone varying from 3-8% (Stahl, E. and Keller, K., Planta Medica 43:128-140, 1981); see also [Bertea, Cinzia M., et al. "Identification of an EcoRI restriction site for a rapid and precise determination of β-asarone-free Acorus calamus cytotypes." Phytochemistry 66.5 (2005): 507-514] \\ |
| Furthermore: tannine, bitter principles (acorone, isoacorone [and Kryptoacoron], as well as the glycoside acorine) and mucilage. \\ | Furthermore: tannine, bitter principles (acorone, isoacorone [and Kryptoacoron], as well as the glycoside acorine) and mucilage. \\ |
| Indian scientists reported the isolation of acoradin, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethoxybenzoquinone, galangin and sitosterol from A. calamus root rhizomes. [Patra A, Mitra AK, Constituents of Acorus calamus L., Indian J. Chem., Sect.B 17B(4), (1979), pp.412-14] \\ | Indian scientists reported the isolation of acoradin, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethoxybenzoquinone, galangin and sitosterol from A. calamus root rhizomes. [Patra A, Mitra AK, Constituents of Acorus calamus L., Indian J. Chem., Sect.B 17B(4), (1979), pp.412-14] \\ |
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| The steam distilled oil from Acorus calamus (yield 1.5-4.8%) owns a "...peculiar but pleasant, slightly sweetish, fatty odour reminescent of stale milk." A fraction of the oil (124-150°C/5 torr) contained several saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes C6-C10 and aromatic aldehydes like cuminic aldehyde, anisic aldehyde, and β-cyclocitral e.g. Of the decadienals found, (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal (500ppm, odour threshold 4.2ppb) showed an odour most reminescent of calamus oil. | The steam distilled oil from Acorus calamus (yield 1.5-4.8%) owns a "...peculiar but pleasant, slightly sweetish, fatty odour reminescent of stale milk." A fraction of the oil (124-150°C/5 torr) contained several saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes C6-C10 and aromatic aldehydes like cuminic aldehyde, anisic aldehyde, and β-cyclocitral e.g. Of the decadienals found, (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal (500ppm, odour threshold 4.2ppb) showed an odour most reminescent of calamus oil. \\ |
| [Isolation and synthesis of (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal, the character impact compound in the oil of Acorus calamus L., van Lier, F.P., van der Linde, L.M., van der Weerdt, A.J.A., Progress in essential oil research., 1986, 215-225] | [Isolation and synthesis of (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal, the character impact compound in the oil of Acorus calamus L., van Lier, F.P., van der Linde, L.M., van der Weerdt, A.J.A., Progress in essential oil research., 1986, 215-225] |
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| {{:zz47decadienal.jpg|}} (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal | {{:zz47decadienal.jpg|}} (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal //(calamus, green, fatty, rose-orris)// |
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| "The pale yellow to pale brown volatile calamus oil has an odor described as //'woody-spicy with increasingly sweet afternotes and great tenacity'// that resembles //'dried milk or sweet leather, slightly creamy-nutty'//, and has been compared to the fragrance of a milk-truck or shoe-repair shop (Arctander 1960). This characteristic aroma is derived from the chemical compound (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal which is present in the oil at about 100 000 times its odor threshold value (van Lier, van der Linde, and van der Weerdt 1986)." \\ | "The pale yellow to pale brown volatile calamus oil has an odor described as //'woody-spicy with increasingly sweet afternotes and great tenacity'// that resembles //'dried milk or sweet leather, slightly creamy-nutty'//, and has been compared to the fragrance of a milk-truck or shoe-repair shop (Arctander 1960). This characteristic aroma is derived from the chemical compound (Z,Z)-4,7-decadienal which is present in the oil at about 100 000 times its odor threshold value (van Lier, van der Linde, and van der Weerdt 1986)." \\ |
| [Comparison of volatile constituents of Acorus calamus and Asarum europaeum obtained by different techniques., Wilczewska, A.Z., Ulman, M., Chilmończyk, Z., Maj, J., Koprowicz, T., Tomczyk, M., Tomczykowa, M., Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(5), 2008, 390-395] | [Comparison of volatile constituents of Acorus calamus and Asarum europaeum obtained by different techniques., Wilczewska, A.Z., Ulman, M., Chilmończyk, Z., Maj, J., Koprowicz, T., Tomczyk, M., Tomczykowa, M., Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(5), 2008, 390-395] |
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| {{:kalmus.jpg?500}} \\ | {{:kalmus.jpg?600}} \\ |
| Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.1, t.17 (1887) [W.Müller] \\ | Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.1, t.17 (1887) [W.Müller] \\ |
| [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=15928]] | [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=15928]] |
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| | {{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_92/P1160703.JPG}} \\ |
| | Acorus calamus © Rolf Marschner (2018), |
| | [[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=574&t=4839| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]] |
