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--- achillea_millefolium_l [2015/11/09 19:42]
andreas
+++ achillea_millefolium_l [2017/12/02 14:25]
andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-Achillea millefolium L. - Asteraceae - Common Yarrow, Milfoil, Woundwort, Bloodwort, Tansy, **Gemeine Schafgarbe**, Wiesenschafgarbe
+Achillea millefolium L. - Asteraceae - common yarrow, milfoil, woundwort, bloodwort, tansy, **Gemeine Schafgarbe**, Wiesenschafgarbe
 Aromatic rhizomatous perennial, native to Europe, West Asia, North America; 0.20-0.80m high, stems simple or branched; leaves pinnately dissected, the blade 3-15 cm, to 2.5 cm wide, the basal petiolate, all but the lowermost cauline sessile; heads numerous in a flat or round-topped, short and broad, paniculate-corymbiform inflorescens, the disk 2-4 mm wide; ray flowers about 5, white or occasionally pink, 2-3 mm; disk-flowers 10-30; various habitats, but especially in disturbed sites; circumboreal; fl. time June-Nov.
@@ Zeile 10: / Zeile 10: @@
 [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillea_millefolium]]
-The air-dried aerial parts of Achillea millefolium (yarrow, milfoil, Millefolium, Herba millefolii, Millefolii Herba, Schafgarbenkraut), gathered during the flowering period from June to September, have been used for a long time. The Greek hero Achilles (ca. 1200 B.C.) is said to have used the leaves to stop the bloodflow of his wounded soldiers. The drug got mention in numerous of the great herb books of the Middle Ages. \\
+The air-dried aerial parts of Achillea millefolium (yarrow, milfoil, Millefolium, Herba millefolii, Millefolii Herba, Schafgarbenkraut), gathered during the flowering period from June to September, have been used for a long time: The Greek hero Achilles (ca. 1200 B.C.) is said to have used the leaves to stop the bloodflow of his wounded soldiers. The drug got mention in numerous of the great herb books of the Middle Ages. \\
 Yarrow contains flavanoids, tannin, chamazulenogenic compounds, volatile oil (0.1-1%) and a bitter principle. \\
 [BHP83, Wichtl, BI, CRC]
@@ Zeile 19: / Zeile 19: @@
 [Bundesanzeiger: 1.2.1990., Heftnummer: 22a., ATC-Code: A15. Monographie BGA/BfArM (Kommission E)] [[http://buecher.heilpflanzen-welt.de/BGA-Kommission-E-Monographien/achillea-millefolium-schafgarbe.htm]]
-Only the tetraploid species produce blue oils on steam distillation, indicating the presence of proazulenes in the herb. The proazulene biotype is represented by tetraploid species (In = 36, A.collina Becker from Ukraine and A. asiatica Serg. from Moscov) and the nonazulene type by the hexaploid species A. millefolium L. (In = 54). \\
+Only the tetraploid species produce blue oils on steam distillation, indicating the presence of proazulenes in the herb. The proazulene biotype was represented by tetraploid species (In = 36, A.collina Becker from Ukraine and A. asiatica Serg. from Moscov) and the nonazulene type by the hexaploid species A. millefolium L. (In = 54). \\
 [Korrelation zwischen Chromosomenzahl und Prochamazulenen in Achillea von Osteuropa.(Correlation between number of chromosomes and prochamazulene in easteuropean Achillea)., Oswiecimska, M., Planta Med., 25(4), 1974, 389-395]
-It has been stated that the guaianolid alpha-peroxyachifolid is responsible for the allergic contact dermatitis caused by yarrow. \\
+It has been stated that the guaianolid α-peroxyachifolid is responsible for the allergic contact dermatitis caused by yarrow. \\
 [Ruecker G, Manns D, Breuer J, Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim, Ger.) 324(12) (1991), 979-81] \\
@@ Zeile 28: / Zeile 28: @@
 [Kokkalou E, Kokkini S, Hanlidoe E, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20(7) (1992), 665-70]
-"... flowering aerial parts of wild Achillea millefolium growing on the Mediterranean coast (Sardinia Island, Italy) and on the Atlantic coast (Portugal- Serra de Montemuro) were used as a matrix for supercritical extraction of volatile oil with CO2 (SFE).... The results showed the presence of two type oils. The Italian volatile extracts (SFE and essential oil) are predominantly composed by alpha-asarone (25.6-33.3%, in the SFE extract and in the HD oil, respectively), beta-bisabolene (27.3-16.6%) and alpha-pinene (10.0-17.0%); whereas the main components of the Portuguese extracts are trans-thujone (31.4-29.0%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (19.8-15.8%) and beta-pinene (1.2-11.1%)." \\
+The flower heads of A.millefolium var. collina contain several individual sesquiterpene lactones, including some proazulenic guaianolides (artabsin-, achillicin- and matricine derivatives eg.). \\
+[Sesquiterpene lactones from Achillea collina J. Becker ex Reichenb., Trendafilova, A., Todorova, M., Mikhova, B., Vitkova, A., Duddeck, H., Phytochemistry, 67(8), 2006, 764-770]
+"... flowering aerial parts of wild Achillea millefolium growing on the Mediterranean coast (Sardinia Island, Italy) and on the Atlantic coast (Portugal- Serra de Montemuro) were used as a matrix for supercritical extraction of volatile oil with CO2 (SFE).... The results showed the presence of two type oils. The Italian volatile extracts (SFE and essential oil) are predominantly composed by α-asarone (25.6-33.3%, in the SFE extract and in the HD oil, respectively), β-bisabolene (27.3-16.6%) and α-pinene (10.0-17.0%); whereas the main components of the Portuguese extracts are trans-thujone (31.4-29.0%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (19.8-15.8%) and β-pinene (1.2-11.1%)." \\
 [Chemical composition and biological activity of the volatile extracts of Achillea millefolium., Falconieri, D., Piras, A., Porcedda, S., Marongiu, B., Gonçalves, M.J., Cabral, C., Salgueiro, L., Natural product communications, 6(10), 2011, 1527-1530]
-The yields of oil in 14 commercial samples of yarrow were ranged from 0.1%-1.0% (12 samples were in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia requirements, not less than 0.2%). The most important components of the oils were chamazulene (0.8-44.3%), β-pinene (tr-23.3%), sabinene (0-16.5%), bornyl acetate (tr-15.8 %), (E)-β-caryophyllene (2.5-14.3%), (E)-nerolidol (tr-9.6 %), 1,8-cineole (tr-9.6 %), and germacrene D (0.2-7.8 %). \\
+|{{:chamazulene.jpg|chamazulene}} \\ chamazulene|{{:beta_pinene.jpg|β-pinene}} \\ β-pinene |{{:sabinene.jpg|sabinene}} \\ sabinene |{{:bornylacetate.jpg| bornyl acetate }} \\ bornyl acetate |{{1.8cineole.jpg| 1.8-cineole}} \\ 1.8-cineole |
+The yields of oil in 14 commercial samples of yarrow ranged from 0.1%-1.0% (12 samples were in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia requirements, demanding not less than 0.2%). The most important components of the oils were chamazulene (0.8-44.3%), β-pinene (tr-23.3%), sabinene (0-16.5%), bornyl acetate (tr-15.8 %), (E)-β-caryophyllene (2.5-14.3%), (E)-nerolidol (tr-9.6 %), 1,8-cineole (tr-9.6 %), and germacrene D (0.2-7.8 %). \\
 [Essential oil content and composition in commercial Achillea millefolium L. herbs from different countries., Raal, A., Orav, A., Arak, E., Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 15(1), 2012, 22-31]

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