Pinus mugo Turra - syn.Pinus montana Mill.; Pinaceae \\
dwarf mountain pine, **Bergkiefer**, Bergföhre, Latschenkiefer, Latsche, Krüppelkiefer, Legföhre

Evergreen tree, 1-3m high, native in the mountains of Central and South Europe. 

"Pine oil is used in pharmaceutical preparations (cream, ointment, inhalation) against catarrh of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It is also used for sauna infusions. In medical baths, it supports the treatment of rheumatic diseases in non-acute stage." \\
[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latschenkiefern%C3%B6l]]

The essential oil of P.mugo is used in cosmetic preparations to promote blood circulation to the legs and feet, to nourish the stressed skin and make it supple and resistant. The antibacterial activity also reduces the formation of malodors.

"The monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of a commercial sample of Pinus mugo essential oil were isolated by a combination of techniques involving chromatography, distillation and preparative GLC. Eleven monoterpenes were identified by their IR spectra and TLC of their mercuric acetate adducts. IR and mass spectroscopy were employed to identify the following seven sesquiterpenes: β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, γ-muurolene, α-muurolene, α+β-selinene and γ-cadinene. Bornyl acetate was also present as a contaminant among these hydrocarbons." \\
[Monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of //Pinus mugo//. Bambagiotti A, M., Vincieri, F. F., Cosi, G., Phytochemistry, Vol.11(4), 1972, 1455-1460]

Freshly steam-distilled essential oils of P.mugo contained only traces of p-cymene (0.05-0.1%) and higher amounts of β-caryophyllene (4.6-5.4%). Main components of these oils were α-pinene (13-25%), δ-3-carene (16-26%), β-pinene (3-15%) and β-phellandrene (2-8%). Commercial oils (Germany) showed mean values of α-pinene (24.4%), δ-3-carene (17.8%), β-pinene (9.8%) and β-phellandrene (8.2%). Old oils showed elevated values of p-cymene (1-2%) and small amounts of β-caryophyllene (0-0.8%). \\
[Braun, M. (2002). Verbesserung der Arzneibuchvorschriften und ihre Angleichung an das Europäische Arzneibuch am Beispiel von ätherischen Ölen (Doctoral dissertation)] [[http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/9910/1/Hauptdoku.PDF]]

"The chemical composition of the essential oil of the needles and twigs of dwarf pine (Pinus mugo Turra) growing wild in Serbia was investigated. The oil was analysed by GC/MS and the major constituents found were δ-3-carene (23.9%), α-pinene (17.9%), β-pinene (7.8%) and β-phellandrene (7.2%)." \\
[The essential oil composition of Pinus mugo Turra from Serbia. Stevanovic, T., Garneau, F. X., Jean, F. I., Gagnon, H., Vilotic, D., Petrovic, S., Pichette, A., Flavour and fragrance journal, Vol.20(1), 2005, 96-97]

"Pinus mugo Turra (Pinaceae) or Mountain pine is low and shrubby conifer which can be found in Republic of Macedonia in very huge population, only in central part of the country, on Karadzica Mountain. Withal, this location is the southernmost extensive point for this plant. The needle essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus after removing the needles from the branches and was yielded from 0.15 to 0.65%. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the most abundant components were monoterpenes α-pinene (6.2–12.9%), β-pinene (1.3–3.3%), δ-3-carene (10.1–18.7%), limonene + β-phellandrene (3.1–5.7%), α-terpinolene (2.1–3.0%) and bornyl acetate (2.0–3.7%) and sesquiterpenes trans-caryophyllene (5.7–6.4%), germacrene D (2.4–11.8%), bicyclogermacrene (3.0–6.8%), δ-cadinene (4.0–6.6%), τ-muurolol + τ-cadinol (2.5–4.4%) and α-cadinol (3.4–5.0%)... The needle essential oil was confirmed to have significant antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae..." \\
[Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of the needle essential oil of Pinus mugo (Pinaceae) from Macedonian flora. Karapandzova, M., Stefkov, G., Dokik, E. T., Panovska, T. K., Kaftandzieva, A., Kulevanova, S., Planta Medica, Vol.77(12), 2011, PL59]

Abies alba Mill. - Pinaceae -  (European) silver fir, **Weißtanne**, Silbertanne

Evergreen coniferous tree, up to 50m high, native to Central and South Europe, cultivated there; bark gray, with resin blisters; leaves needle-like, apex notched or rounded, upperside dark green, lowerside glaucous to whitish-green; pollen cones blue/violet/red, 1-3cm long, seed cones green when young, turning red-brown, up to 16cm long. \\
[[http://www.conifers.org/pi/Abies_alba.php]]

"The analyses were performed on the commercial essential oil of Abies alba obtained from fresh green summits of young branches by steam distillation. The plant material was collected from the teritory of Montenegro. The composition of the oil was determined by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents were β-pinene (32.8%), α-pinene (17.3%), camphene (16.7%), bornyl acetate (9.0%), limonene (6.1%) and β-phellandrene (4.9%)." \\
[Essential oil of Abies alba Mill., Pinaceae, from the pilot production in Montenegro., Chalchat, J.C., Sidibé, L., Maksimovic, Z.A., Petrovic, S.D., Gorunovic, M.S., Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol.13(4), 2001, 288-289]

| {{:alpha_pinene.jpg| α-pinene }} \\ α-pinene | {{:beta_pinene.jpg| β-pinene }} \\ β-pinene | {{:limonene.jpg| limonene }} \\ limonene | {{:camphen.jpg| camphene }} \\ camphene | {{:bornylacetate.jpg| bornyl acetate }} \\ bornyl acetate |

"This study investigates the isoprene and monoterpenes emission from A. alba in France... A dynamic cuvette method was used. Limonene was the predominant monoterpene emitted, followed by camphene, α-pinene and eucalyptol. No isoprene emission was detected... The standard emission rate (303 K) and β-coefficient averaged for limonene, camphene and α-pinene were respectively of 0.63 μg gdw-1 h-1 and 0.06 K-1. For eucalyptol, the standard emission rate (T=303 K and PAR=1000 μmol m-2 s-1) was 0.26 μg gdw-1 h-1. This classified A. alba as a weak monoterpenes emitter." \\
[Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emissions from Abies alba in a French forest., Moukhtar, S., Couret, C., Rouil, L., Simon, V., Science of the total environment, Vol.354(2), 2006, 232-245]

Needles of Abies alba contain glycosidically bound maltol, which is cleaved during the drying of the needles on the forest floor, contributing to the characteristic note present in European (fir) forests warmed by the sun. \\
[Meaningful Scents around the World, R.Kaiser, 2006, 190]

"The composition of the essential oil of twigs of individual trees of Abies alba Miller from Corsica was investigated by CC, GC (RI), GC-MS and 13C-NMR. Among the 65 identified compounds, [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonene|limonene]], β-phellandrene, α-pinene, camphene and β-pinene were found to be the major components. Fifty-three oil samples were analysed and the results were submitted to chemometric analysis (K-means clustering and principal component analysis). Two groups were distinguished within the essential oils. Samples belonging to the first group (64% of the samples) were characterized by a very high content of limonene (mean value 46.1%). Conversely, the mean composition of the samples of the second group (36% of the samples) was dominated by camphene, α-pinene and limonene. Such a chemical composition is reported for the first time within A. alba essential oils." \\
[Composition and chemical variability of the twig oil of Abies alba Miller from Corsica., Duquesnoy, E., Castola, V., Casanova, J., Flavour and fragrance journal, Vol.22(4), 2007, 293-299]

A bornyl acetate (30.3%) rich essential oil of A.alba (Korea, steam distillation from leaf and twig) was reported with major components camphene (19.8%), 3-carene (13.8%), and tricyclene (12.9%). Further constituents were dl-limonene (7.5%), α-pinene (2.8%), caryophyllene (2.1%), β-phellandrene (2.1%), borneol (1.7%), bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene,2,3-dimethyl (1.6%) and α-terpinene (1.2%). \\
[Radical scavenging activity of the essential oil of silver fir (Abies alba)., Yang, S.A., Jeon, S.K., Lee, E.J., Im, N.K., Jhee, K.H., Lee, S.P., Lee, I.S., Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition, 44(3), 2009, 253] \\
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675024/]]

(3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene (0.02%) and also grapefruit mercaptane (traces) are key odorants of the needle scent of Abies alba. \\
[Scent of a vanishing flora, Roman Kaiser, 2011, 168, 170] 

{{:abies_alba.jpg?600}} \\
Thomé, O.W., Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz, Tafeln, vol. 1: t. 24 (1885) \\
[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=590]]


{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_7/P1600649.JPG}} \\
Abies alba \\ © Rolf Marschner (2011),  
[[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=2632| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]] (0.1%) was a key odorant in headspace samples of Pinus mugo needles. \\
[Scent of a vanishing flora, Roman Kaiser, 2011, 170] 

{{:pinus_pumilio.jpg?600}} \\
Lambert, A.B., Description of the genus Pinus and some other remarkable plants, 2nd ed., vol.1, t.2 (1890) [Ferdinand Bauer] \\
[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=794783]]

{{:pinus_mugo_botg.jpg}} \\
Pinus mugo © Andreas Kraska, [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]]