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--- trifolium_pratense_l [2015/07/31 11:31] – andreas
+++ trifolium_pratense_l [2024/08/15 08:06] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 4: / Zeile 4: @@
 [[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012343]]
-The major volatile components of T.pratense identified headspace GC-MS were, for the leaves, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenol and (E)- and (Z)-β-ocimenes, for the flowers, acetophenone, methyl cinnamate and 1-phenylethanol and, for the seed pods, (E)- and (Z)-β-ocimenes, an unidentified sesquiterpene hydrocarbon and longifolene. \\
+The major volatile components of T.pratense identified by headspace GC-MS were, for the leaves, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenol and (E)- and (Z)-β-ocimenes, for the flowers, acetophenone, methyl cinnamate and 1-phenylethanol and, for the seed pods, (E)- and (Z)-β-ocimenes, an unidentified sesquiterpene hydrocarbon and longifolene. \\
 [Volatile components of red clover leaves, flowers, and seed pods: possible insect attractants., Buttery, R.G., Kamm, J.A., Ling, L.C., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 32(2), 1984, 254-256]
+|{{:acetophenone.jpg| acetophenone}} \\ acetophenone |{{:methylcinnamate.jpg|methyl cinnamate}} \\ methyl cinnamate |{{:1phenylethanol.png|1-phenylethanol}} \\ 1-phenylethanol |{{:maltol.jpg| maltol}} \\ maltol |{{:linalool.jpg| linalool}} \\ linalool |
+"The essential oils of red and white Austrian clover flowers (Trifolium pratense L. and Trifolium repens L.) were analyzed by GC-FID, GC-MS, and GC-olfactometry (GC-sniffing technique). More than 50 compounds were identified in the samples. The main constituents (concentration higher than 2%) of the investigated samples were maltol (8.2%), linalool (4.2%), 1-phenylethyl alcohol (3.2%), phenol (2.9%), phenylethyl acetate (2.7%), acetophenone (2.4%), and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (2.2%) for red clover flowers and maltol (5.3%), linalool (3.8%), phenol (3.6%), phenylethyl acetate (3.3%), and 2-phenylethyl alcohol (2.8%) for white clover flowers."
+\\
+[Buchbauer, Gerhard, Leopold Jirovetz, and Alexej Nikiforov. "Comparative Investigation of Essential Clover Flower Oils from Austria Using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44.7 (1996): 1827-1828]
 The most abundant volatile compounds in the green sample of red clover were 3-octanol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, benzaldehyde, (Z)-β-caryophyllene, β-farnesene, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 3-octanone. In hay, reductions of the percentages of alcohols, such as 3-methylbutanol and 1-hexanol, of aldehydes and of low boiling point ketones are observed; The sesquiterpene β-farnesene (10%) and the phytol degradation product 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (12%), together with phenylethyl alcohol and (Z)-β-caryophyllene, were the most abundant compounds detected. In silage, as a result of the fermentation of fresh red clover, esters (ca. 46%) are a more representative class of compounds. The most abundant components were ethyl hexanoate, 3-methylbutyl butanoate, and ethyl-2-methylpentanoate, furthermore phenylethyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methylbutanoic acid. \\
 [Volatile composition of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) forages in Portugal: The influence of ripening stage and ensilage., Figueiredo, R., Rodrigues, A.I., do Céu Costa, M., Food chemistry, 104(4), 2007, 1445-1453]
+Main components of the steam distilled pale yellow oil (0.018%) of the fresh plant material were 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (16.5%), 2-phenylethanol (12.2%), benzylalcohol (11.6%), hexadecanoic aicd (6.2%), 6,10,14-trimethyl pentadecan-2-one (6.1%), phenylacetaldehyde (5.1%), 2-methylbutanol (3.8%), thymol (3.2%), 3-methylbutanol (2.9%), 1-octen-3-ol (2.2%), 1-phenylethanol (1.3%),  benzaldehyde (1.0%), and carvacrol (1.0%). Interesting minor components were e.g. acetophenone (0.2%), furfural (0.3%9, decanal (0.2%), linalool (0.4%), p-vinylguaiacol (trace), eugenol (0.7%), and methyleugenol (0.3%). \\
+[Tava, Aldo, et al. "Volatile constituents of Trifolium pratense and T. repens from NE Italian alpine pastures." Natural Product Communications 4.6 (2009): 1934578X0900400619]
+Main volatile components of the steam distillate of Trifolium pratense L. ssp. nivale (Sieber) Asch. et Gr. plants at the flowering stage were phenylacetaldehyde (13.1%), 1-octen-3-ol (12.5%), 2- and 3-methylbutanol (6.8/8.0%), 2-phenylethanol (7.9%), cis-3-hexenol (5.1%), benzaldehyde (4.5%), hexahydrofarnesylacetone (4.4%), and benzylalcohol (3.1%). \\
+[Cecotti, Roberto, et al. "Volatile constituents of Trifolium pratense spp. nivale quantified at different growth stages, and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity." Natural product communications 8.11 (2013): 1934578X1300801131]
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-Several flavonoids were identified in ethanolic red clover extracts, among them genistin, isoquercitrin, ononin, daidzein, sissotrin, forrnononetin and  biochanin A. \\
+Several flavonoids were identified in ethanolic red clover extracts, among them genistin, isoquercitrin, ononin, daidzein, sissotrin, formononetin and  biochanin A. \\
 [Analysis of flavonoids from red clover by liquid chromatography—electrospray mass spectrometry., He, X.G., Lin, L.Z., Lian, L.Z., Journal of chromatography A, 755(1), 1996, 127-132] [[http://eurekamag.com/pdf/038/038901016.pdf]]
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 Masclef,A., Atlas des plantes de France, vol.2 t.78 (1890) \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=1032055]]
+{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Konica_2/PICT6563.JPG}} \\
+Trifolium pratense ssp.pratense, Erholungsgebiet Wienerberg Westteil \\ © Rolf Marschner (2006),
+[[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=429&t=1414| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]