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--- syzygium_aromaticum_l._merr._et_perry [2014/08/09 15:37] – andreas
+++ syzygium_aromaticum_l._merr._et_perry [2022/01/15 08:42] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-Myrtaceae - syn. Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill., Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb., Jambosa caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu; cloves, **Gewürznelkenbaum**
+Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry - syn. Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill., Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb., Jambosa caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu - Myrtaceae \\
+cloves, **Gewürznelkenbaum**
 Evergreen tree of Southeast Asia, cultivated in Southeast Asia, Zanzibar, Pemba and Madagascar.
 Up to 10-12m high, leaves elliptic-oblong, flowers with 4 white petals, turning pink.
-"The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest. Cloves are harvested at 1.5–2.0 cm long, and consist of a long calyx that terminates in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals that form a small central ball." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove]]
+"The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest. Cloves are harvested at 1.5-2.0 cm long, and consist of a long calyx that terminates in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals that form a small central ball." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove]]
-"In clove essential oil, five compounds were identified as representing 98.5% of the total. The predominant compounds were eugenol (85.5%), β-caryophyllene (10.54%), α-humulene (3.12%), δ-cadinene (0.29%) and caryophyllene oxide (0.20%). Raina et al. 31 found 16 compounds, the main components being eugenol (94%) and β-caryophyllene (2.9%), while Zapata and Meireles reported that eugenol (58.62%) eugenyl acetate (19.58%), β-caryophyllene (19.87%) and α-humulene (1.60%) were the major constituents. Kwang and Shibamoto reported that eugenol and eugenyl acetate were the major constituents of clove essential oils made from buds which agree with the results obtained in this study, except in the case of eugenyl acetate, which was not found. The yield and quality of the essential oil depends on the part of the plant used, the predominant compounds in essential oil from clove stems being eugenol (83–92%), β-caryophyllene (4–12%), eugenyl acetate (0.5–4%), while the predominant compounds in the essential oil obtained from leaves are eugenol (80–92%), β-caryophyllene (4–17%)   and eugenyl acetate (0.2–4%). The predominant compounds in the essential oil of clove buds are eugenol (75–87%), β-caryophyllene (2–7%) and eugenyl acetate (8–15%)." [Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Obtained From Some Spices Widely Used in Mediterranean Region. Manuel Viuda-Martos, Yolanda Ruíz-Navajas, Juana Fernández-López, José Angel Pérez-Álvarez, Acta Chim. Slov. 921 2007, 54, 921–926]
+"In clove essential oil, five compounds were identified as representing 98.5% of the total. The predominant compounds were eugenol (85.5%), β-caryophyllene (10.54%), α-humulene (3.12%), δ-cadinene (0.29%) and caryophyllene oxide (0.20%). Raina et al. 31 found 16 compounds, the main components being eugenol (94%) and β-caryophyllene (2.9%), while Zapata and Meireles reported that eugenol (58.62%), [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1005011.html|eugenyl acetate]] (19.58%), β-caryophyllene (19.87%) and α-humulene (1.60%) were the major constituents. Kwang and Shibamoto reported that eugenol and eugenyl acetate were the major constituents of clove essential oils made from buds which agree with the results obtained in this study, except in the case of eugenyl acetate, which was not found. The yield and quality of the essential oil depends on the part of the plant used, the predominant compounds in essential oil from clove stems being eugenol (83-92%), β-caryophyllene (4-12%), eugenyl acetate (0.5-4%), while the predominant compounds in the essential oil obtained from leaves are eugenol (80-92%), β-caryophyllene (4-17%)   and eugenyl acetate (0.2-4%). The predominant compounds in the essential oil of clove buds are eugenol (75-87%), β-caryophyllene (2-7%) and eugenyl acetate (8-15%)." \\
+[Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Obtained From Some Spices Widely Used in Mediterranean Region. Manuel Viuda-Martos, Yolanda Ruíz-Navajas, Juana Fernández-López, José Angel Pérez-Álvarez, Acta Chim. Slov. 921 2007, 54, 921-926]
+| {{:eugenol_ac.jpg|}} \\ eugenol (R=OH) \\ eugenyl acetate (R=OAc) | {{:caryophyllene.jpg| caryophyllene}} \\ β-caryophyllene |
-{{:eugenol.jpg|}} eugenol
+Essential oil is made from flower buds, but leave and stem oil also contain eugenol and β-caryophyllene, but only about 1% eugenyl acetate. α-caryophyllene (humulene) is also present in the oil of all parts (bud 0.3-1.0%, leaf 1.3-2.1%, stem 0.2-1.3%) \\
+"Clove bud oil (39 samples from Madagascar and 6 from Indonesia) were analyzed by GC and 10 constituents were identified and quantified. The major constituents of Madagascar and Indonesia bud oils were eugenol (77.50 and 79.87% respectively) and β-caryophyllene (4.06 and 6.91% respectively). Out of these two constituents which were common to Madagascar and Indonesia bud oil, significant difference was observed with respect to eugenyl acetate (16.01 vs 9.56% respectively)." \\
-Essential oil is made from flower buds, but leave and stem oil also contain eugenol and β–caryophyllene, but only about 1% eugenyl acetate. α-caryophyllene (humulene) is also present in the oil of all parts (bud 0.3-1.0%, leaf 1.3-2.1%, stem 0.2-1.3%) \\
+[G. Razafimamonjison, M. Jahiel, T. Duclos, et al., "Bud, leaf and stem essential oil composition of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) From
-"Clove bud oil (39 samples from Madagascar and 6 from Indonesia) were analyzed by GC and 10 constituents were identified and quantified. The major constituents of Madagascar and Indonesia bud oils were eugenol (77.50 and 79.87% respectively) and β–caryophyllene (4.06 and 6.91% respectively). Out of these two constituents which were common to Madagascar and Indonesia bud oil, significant difference was observed with respect to eugenyl acetate (16.01 vs 9.56% respectively)." [G. Razafimamonjison, M. Jahiel, T. Duclos, et al., "Bud, leaf and stem essential oil composition of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) From
 Indonesia, Madagascar and Zanzibar.” Natural Product Communications (sous presse), 2013"] [[http://afs4food.cirad.fr/content/download/4416/33602/version/1/file/Razafimamonjison,+essential+oil+of+clove+from+Indonesia,+Madagascar+and+Zanzibar..pdf]]
+-Phenyethyl acetate (styrallyl acetate) was unequivocally identified in clove bud essential oil (0.05%) and in ground clove buds (0.0027%). \\
+[Gassenmeier, Klaus, et al. "Unequivocal Identification of 1-Phenylethyl Acetate in Clove Buds (syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & LM Perry) and Clove Essential Oil." Foods 6.7 (2017): 46] [[https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/6/7/46/htm]]
+----
+"The antioxidant activity of a commercial rectified clove leaf essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllus) and its main constituent eugenol was tested. This essential oil comprises in total 23 identified constituents, among them eugenol (76.8%), followed by β-caryophyllene (17.4%), R-humulene (2.1%), and eugenyl acetate (1.2%) as the main components. The essential oil from clove demonstrated scavenging activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydracyl (DPPH) radical at concentrations lower than the concentrations of eugenol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). This essential oil also showed a significant inhibitory effect against hydroxyl radicals and acted as an iron chelator. With respect to the lipid peroxidation, the inhibitory activity of clove oil determined using a linoleic acid emulsion system indicated a higher antioxidant activity than the standard BHT." \\
+[Jirovetz, Leopold, et al. "Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of clove leaf essential oil." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 54.17 (2006): 6303-6307]
+{{:syzygium_aromaticum.jpg?600}} \\
+Kohl,F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.88 (1891-1895) \\
+[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=992129]]
-{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Syzygium_aromaticum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg}}
+{{:syzygium_aroma_clove.jpg}}\\
+cloves
+[[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0|CC BY-SA 4.0]], Author: Thamizhpparithi Maari  [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_aromaticum.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]