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--- salvia_divinorum_epling_jativa [2015/08/01 10:32] – andreas
+++ salvia_divinorum_epling_jativa [2019/04/29 08:22] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 4: / Zeile 4: @@
 "Salvia divinorum is used by the Mazatec Indians of northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico primarily for its psychoactive
-effects which aid in ritual divination (Wasson, 1962, 1963). It is also employed remedially to treat various  health conditions... Traditionally the herb is consumed either by chewing the fresh leaves or by drinking the juices of freshly crushed leaves. The effects of the herb when consumed this way depend on absorption of salvinorin A through the oral mucosa before the herb is swallowed." \\
+effects which aid in ritual divination (Wasson, 1962, 1963). It is also employed remedially to treat various  health conditions... Traditionally the herb is consumed either by chewing the fresh leaves or by drinking the juices of freshly crushed leaves. The effects of the herb when consumed this way depend on absorption of salvinorin A through the oral mucosa before the herb is swallowed... When salvinorin A is vaporized and inhaled the full effects are experienced in about 30 s. There is almost no transition period experienced. The
+strongest effects last 5-10 min and then gradually subside over about 20-30 min. As dosage increases above 1 mg the duration of the effects are somewhat increased. A similar evolution of effects is reported for smoked S. divinorum leaves." \\
 [Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings., Siebert, D.J., Journal of ethnopharmacology, 43(1), 1994, 53-56] [[http://www.sagewisdom.org/siebertjep94.pdf]]
@@ Zeile 11: / Zeile 12: @@
 [Salvia divinorum: The botany, ethnobotany, biochemistry and future of a Mexican mint., Marushia, R., 2002] [[http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Salvia.pdf]]
-"The diterpene [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorine|salvinorin A]] from Salvia divinorum has recently been reported to be a high-affinity and selective κ-opioid receptor agonist (Roth et al., 2002). Salvinorin A and selected derivatives were found to be potent and efficacious agonists in several measures of agonist activity using cloned human κ-opioid receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. Thus, salvinorin A, salvinorinyl-2-propionate, and salvinorinyl-2-heptanoate were found to be either full (salvinorin A) or partial (2-propionate, 2-heptanoate) agonists for inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production... Salvinorin A was found to be a full agonist, being significantly more efficacious than (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate (U50488) or (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate (U69593) (two standard κ-opioid agonists) and similar in efficacy to dynorphin A (the naturally occurring peptide ligand for κ-opioid receptors). Salvinorin A thus represents the first known naturally occurring non-nitrogenous full agonist at κ-opioid receptors." \\
+{{:salvinorinab.jpg}}  [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorine|salvinorin A (R=OAc) and B (R=OH)]]
-[Salvinorin A, an active component of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum is a highly efficacious κ-opioid receptor agonist: structural and functional considerations., Chavkin, C., Sud, S., Jin, W., Stewart, J., Zjawiony, J.K., Siebert, D.J., Roth, B.L., Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 308(3), 2004, 1197-1203]
+"The diterpene salvinorin A from Salvia divinorum has recently been reported to be a high-affinity and selective κ-opioid receptor agonist (Roth et al., 2002). Salvinorin A and selected derivatives were found to be potent and efficacious agonists in several measures of agonist activity using cloned human κ-opioid receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. Thus, salvinorin A, salvinorinyl-2-propionate, and salvinorinyl-2-heptanoate were found to be either full (salvinorin A) or partial (2-propionate, 2-heptanoate) agonists for inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production... Salvinorin A was found to be a full agonist, being significantly more efficacious than (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate (U50488) or (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate (U69593) (two standard κ-opioid agonists) and similar in efficacy to dynorphin A (the naturally occurring peptide ligand for κ-opioid receptors). Salvinorin A thus represents the first known naturally occurring non-nitrogenous full agonist at κ-opioid receptors." \\
+[Salvinorin A, an active component of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum is a highly efficacious κ-opioid receptor agonist: structural and functional considerations., Chavkin, C., Sud, S., Jin, W., Stewart, J., Zjawiony, J.K., Siebert, D.J., Roth, B.L., Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 308(3), 2004, 1197-1203]
+"Salvinorin-A, the main psychoactive constituent in S. divinorum, is a non-nitrogenous neoclerodane diterpene with an affinity for the kappa opioid receptor (KOR; Roth et al., 2002). Despite its intense perception-modifying effects in humans, in vitro studies have shown that salvinorin-A does not bind to 5HT2A receptors, the molecular target of classic psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine (Roth et al., 2002; Prisinzano, 2005). ... \\
+Salvinorin-A led to a disconnection from external reality, induced elaborate visions and auditory phenomena, and modified interoception. The lower doses increased somatic sensations, but the highest dose led to a sense of a complete loss of contact with the body." \\
+[Maqueda, Ana Elda, et al. "Salvinorin-A induces intense dissociative effects, blocking external sensory perception and modulating interoception and sense of body ownership in humans." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 18.12 (2015): pyv065.] [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675976/]]