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--- origanum_vulgare_l [2015/07/19 11:44] – andreas
+++ origanum_vulgare_l [2021/12/23 14:20] (aktuell) – andreas
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 Origanum vulgare L. - Lamiaceae - oregano, wild marjoram, pot marjoram, **Gemeiner Dost**, Oregano
-Perennial herb, native from Europe to Central Asia; 20–70 cm tall; opposite leaves 1–4 cm long.\\
+Perennial herb, native from Europe to Central Asia; 20-70 cm tall; leaves opposite, 1-4 cm long. There are several subspecies and cultivars. \\
-There are several synonymes, subspecies and cultivars. [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano#Systematik]]and [[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25913]]
+[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano#Systematik]] \\
+[[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25913]]
 Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. (syn. Majorana neglecta (Vogel) Walp., Origanum heracleoticum Benth.: "A high carvacrol content in essential oil is the key to the concept of the ‘oregano’ spice and is a prerequisite determining a plant's suitability for the preparation of this condiment. Origanum heracleoticum L., the main source of Greek oregano, is a chemically non-uniform species. Within its wild population there are at least three chemo-varieties which, although similar in their external appearance, differ in their odours. On the basis of their flavours and essential oil compositions, these varieties could be defined as marjoram, thyme and oregano-types. The latter, which contains mainly [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvacrol|carvacrol]], is traditionally, and almost exclusively, collected for oregano spice preparation on the basis of its odour." \\
 [Oregano spices and Origanum chemotypes. Fleisher, A. and Sneer, N. (1982),  J. Sci. Food Agric., 33: 441–446]
-{{:carvacrol.jpg|}}  carvacrol
+Linalool was the main component in most samples of the flower scent of Spanish Origanum vulgare analyzed by direct thermal desorption coupled to GC-MS. \\
+[Garcıa, M. A., and J. Sanz. "Analysis of Origanum vulgare volatiles by direct thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 918.1 (2001): 189-194]
-"The plants of wild Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare were collected in 10 localities of Vilnius district (Lithuania) in 1995-1999. The main constituents of the essential oils from 8 localities were β-ocimene (14.9-21.6%), germacrene D (10.0-16.2), β-caryophyllene (10.8- 15.7%) and sabinene (6.6- 4.2%). The essential oils from two localities contained only three above compounds as major components: germacrene D, β-ocimene and sabinene or β-caryophyllene, beta-ocimene and germacrene D. Three chemotypes of essential oils were identified. The main chemotype was β-ocimene germacrene D-β-caryophyllene. The terpenic hydrocarbons made up 52.8-80.6% of the essential oils. The 42 identified components made up 85.6-98.0% of the essential oil." \\
+"The plants of wild Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare were collected in 10 localities of Vilnius district (Lithuania) in 1995-1999. The main constituents of the essential oils from 8 localities were β-ocimene (14.9-21.6%), germacrene D (10.0-16.2), β-caryophyllene (10.8-15.7%) and sabinene (6.6-4.2%). The essential oils from two localities contained only three above compounds as major components: germacrene D, β-ocimene and sabinene or β-caryophyllene, beta-ocimene and germacrene D. Three chemotypes of essential oils were identified. The main chemotype was β-ocimene germacrene D-β-caryophyllene. The terpenic hydrocarbons made up 52.8-80.6% of the essential oils. The 42 identified components made up 85.6-98.0% of the essential oil." \\
 [The essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare growing wild in vilnius district (Lithuania). Mockute D1, Bernotiene G, Judzentiene A., Phytochemistry, Vol.57(1), 2001, 65-9]
+|{{:carvacrol.jpg|carvacrol }} \\ carvacrol |{{:thymol.jpg|thymol}} \\ thymol |{{:ocimene_e_beta.jpg|(E)-ocimene}} \\ (E)-ocimene |{{:ocimene_z_beta.jpg|(Z)-ocimene}} \\ (Z)-ocimene |{{:terpinene_gamma.jpg|γ-terpinene}} \\ γ-terpinene |{{:cymene.jpg|p-cymene}} \\ cymene |{{:rotundone.jpg|rotundone}} \\ rotundone |
 "When the essential oil of oregano was analyzed by GC-MS 32 compounds were identified, representing 88.5% of the total oil, the major constituent being carvacrol (61.21%). Other important compounds were p-cymene (15.12%) and γ-terpinene (4.80%). Sezik et al. investigated the essential oil composition of four subspecies of Origanum vulgare, subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart, subsp. gracile (C. Koch) Ietswaart, subsp. vulgare and subsp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek, all of which grow wild in Turkey, and identified more than 80 constituents. Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum was rich in carvacrol (70.47%), while subsp. gracile contained β-caryophyllene (17.54%) and germacrene-D (12.75%) as dominant components. The major components of subsp. viride were terpinen-4-ol (16.82%) and germacrene-D (15.87%) and of subsp. vulgare terpinen-4-ol + β-caryophyllene (20.94%) and germacrene-D (17.80%)." \\
-[Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Obtained From Some Spices Widely Used in Mediterranean Region. Manuel Viuda-Martos, Yolanda Ruíz-Navajas, Juana Fernández-López, José Angel Pérez-Álvarez, Acta Chim. Slov. 921 2007, 54, 921–926]
+[Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Obtained From Some Spices Widely Used in Mediterranean Region. Manuel Viuda-Martos, Yolanda Ruíz-Navajas, Juana Fernández-López, José Angel Pérez-Álvarez, Acta Chim. Slov. 921 2007, 54, 921-926]
+Rotundone (1 μg/kg, peppery) is present above its aroma detection threshold (8 ng/L in water) and apparently important to the flavour of oregano. \\
+[Wood, C., Siebert, T. E., Parker, M., Capone, D. L., Elsey, G. M., Pollnitz, A. P., Herderich, M. J. (2008). Spice up your life–The Rotundone story. Expression of Multideisciplinary flavour science, Proceedings of the 12th Weurman Symposium.] [[https://home.zhaw.ch/yere/pdf/Teil121%20-%20Expression%20of%20Multidisciplinary.pdf]]
 Oregano species growing in Argentina do not own significant concentrations of
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 [Chemical composition and bioactivity of different oregano (Origanum vulgare) extracts and essential oil. Teixeira, B., Marques, A., Ramos, C., Serrano, C., Matos, O., Neng, N. R., Nogueira, J. M. F., Saraiva, J. A. and Nunes, M. L. (2013),  J. Sci. Food Agric., 93: 2707–2714]
-{{:origanum_vulgare_d.jpg?500}} \\
+"In thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and thymohydroquinone biosynthesis, geranyl diphosphate (GDP) is first cyclized to γ-terpinene by the terpene synthase (TvTPS2). P450s hydroxylate γ-terpinene either at C-3 or C-6, and the dienol intermediates are converted by a short-chain dehydrogenase (SDR) to the corresponding ketones. These allylic ketones undergo keto-enol tautomerisms to form thymol and carvacrol. The formation of p-cymene results from the spontaneous rearrangement of the dienol intermediates due to their instability in aqueous conditions. Thymol and carvacrol are converted to thymohydroquinone by CYP76S40 or CYP736A300 and, subsequently, to thymoquinone by spontaneous conversion or enzymatic action." \\
+["The biosynthesis of thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone in Lamiaceae proceeds via cytochrome P450s and a short-chain dehydrogenase", Sandra T. Krause, Pan Liao, Christoph Crocoll, Benoît Boachon, Christiane Förster, Franziska Leidecker, Natalie Wiese, Dongyan Zhao, Joshua C. Wood, C. Robin Buell, Jonathan Gershenzon, Natalia Dudareva, Jörg Degenhardt; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2021, 118 (52) e2110092118; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110092118] [[https://www.pnas.org/content/118/52/e2110092118]]
+----
+A high content of carvacrol and thymol is responsible for the antifungal activity against the human pathogens
+Malassezia furfur, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichosporon beigelii. \\
+[Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi., Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., Arsenakis, M., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(5), 1998, 1739-1745]
+"The antimicrobial properties of volatile aromatic oils from medicinal as well as other edible plants has been recognized since antiquity. Origanum oil, which is used as a food flavoring agent, possesses a broad spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial activities attributed to the high content of phenolic derivatives such as carvacrol and thymol. In the present study, antifungal properties of origanum oil were examined both in vitro and in vivo. Using Candida albicans in broth cultures and a micro dilution method, comparative efficacy of origanum oil, carvacrol, nystatin and amphotericin B were examined in vitro." \\
+[Antifungal activities of origanum oil against Candida albicans., Manohar, V., Ingram, C., Gray, J., Talpur, N.A., Echard, B.W., Bagchi, D., Preuss, H.G., Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 228(1-2), 2001, 111-117]
+The main compounds of the hydrodistilled essential oil were 4-terpineol (47.9%), carvacrol (9.4%), thymol (8.4%) and α-terpineol (7.5%). \\
+"Candida albicans isolates from animal mucous membranes exhibited MIC and MFC values of 2.72 µL mL-1 and 5 µL mL-1, respectively. MIC and MFC values for C. albicans standard strains were 2.97 µL mL-1 and 3.54 µL mL-1, respectively. The MIC and MFC for non-albicans species were 2.10 µL mL-1 and 2.97 µL mL-1, respectively. The antifungal activity of O. vulgare essential oil against Candida spp. observed in vitro suggests its administration may represent an alternative treatment for candidiasis." \\
+[In vitro activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil against Candida species., Cleff, M.B., Meinerz, A.R., Xavier, M., Schuch, L.F., Meireles, M.C.A., Rodrigues, M.R.A., Mello, J.R.B.D., Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 41(1), 2010, 116-123] [[http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjm/v41n1/v41n1a18.pdf]]
+{{:origanum_vulgare_d.jpg?600}} \\
 Thomé,O.W., Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz, Tafeln, vol.4 t.515 (1885) \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=724561]]
-{{:origanum_vulgare_g.jpg?600}}
+{{:origanum_vulgare_g.jpg}} \\
+Origanum vulgare, [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]], Author: Andreas Kraska