| Beide Seiten der vorigen RevisionVorhergehende ÜberarbeitungNächste Überarbeitung | Vorhergehende Überarbeitung |
| myroxylon_balsamum_var._pereirae [2015/02/05 10:27] – andreas | myroxylon_balsamum_var._pereirae [2025/11/03 13:50] (aktuell) – andreas |
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| Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms - syn.Myroxylon pereirae (Royle) Klotzsch; Toluifera pereirae (Royle) Baill. - Fabaceae \\ | Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms - syn.Myroxylon pereirae (Royle) Klotzsch; Toluifera pereirae (Royle) Baill. - Fabaceae - balsam of Peru, Peru balsam, **Perubalsam-Baum** |
| balsam of Peru, Peru balsam, **Perubalsam-Baum** | |
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| Evergreen tree, native to Central America (Mexico to Costa Rica), cultivated also in Java, Sri Lanka and naturalized there (potential ecological threat). [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myroxylon]] | Evergreen tree, native to Central America (Mexico to Costa Rica), cultivated also in Java, Sri Lanka and naturalized there (potential ecological threat). [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myroxylon|wikipedia]] |
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| "Peru balsam, produced by injured trees, exudes from trunk and limbs or is extreacted from bark. Peru balsam, not produced in Peru, recieved its name because it was originally assembled and shipped to Spain from the port of Callo, Peru. Oil (cinnamein) is used in perfume, cosmetic, and soap industries." \\ | "Peru balsam, produced by injured trees, exudes from trunk and limbs or is extreacted from bark. Peru balsam, not produced in Peru, recieved its name because it was originally assembled and shipped to Spain from the port of Callo, Peru. Oil (cinnamein) is used in perfume, cosmetic, and soap industries." \\ |
| [CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Duke, James A., 1990, 322] | [CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Duke, James A., 1990, 322] |
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| "Balsam of Peru smells of vanilla and cinnamon because it contains 60-70% cinnamein (a combination of cinnamic acid, cinnamyl cinnamate, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid and vanillin). The other 30-40% contains resins of unknown composition. It also contains essential oils similar to those in citrus fruit peel. These are all potential allergens... Typical allergic contact dermatitis reactions may occur in individuals allergic to Balsam of Peru or any other chemically related substances. Flare-up of hand eczema is common in sensitive individuals if they use or consume products containing Balsam of Peru or related allergens. Oral exposure may cause sore mouth (tongue) and rash of the lips or angles of the mouth. " \\ | "Balsam of Peru smells of vanilla and cinnamon because it contains 60-70% cinnamein (a combination of cinnamic acid, cinnamyl cinnamate, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid and vanillin). The other 30-40% contains resins of unknown composition. It also contains essential oils similar to those in citrus fruit peel. These are all potential allergens... Typical allergic contact dermatitis reactions may occur in individuals allergic to Balsam of Peru or any other chemically related substances. Flare-up of hand eczema is common in sensitive individuals if they use or consume products containing Balsam of Peru or related allergens. Oral exposure may cause sore mouth (tongue) and rash of the lips or angles of the mouth." [[http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/balsam-of-peru-allergy.html|dermnetnz.org]] retr. 2025-11-03 |
| [[http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/balsam-of-peru-allergy.html]] | |
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| "Peru balsam contains about 50-60% of an ester mixture, formerly known as Cinnamein, which comprises more than 2/3 of benzyl benzoate and 1/3 of benzyl cinnamate." \\ | "Peru balsam contains about 50-60% of an ester mixture, formerly known as Cinnamein, which comprises more than 2/3 of benzyl benzoate and 1/3 of benzyl cinnamate." \\ |
| Benzyl isoferulate, coniferyl cinnamate, hydroconiferyl cinnamate, and hydroconiferyl benzoate were identified among others as new constituents. Also, the presence of coniferyl benzoate could be shown for the first time. It showed the strongest sensitizing capacity of all compounds tested followed by benzyl isoferulate. The latter is a significant cross-linking allergen because it occurs in propolis as well." \\ | Benzyl isoferulate, coniferyl cinnamate, hydroconiferyl cinnamate, and hydroconiferyl benzoate were identified among others as new constituents. Also, the presence of coniferyl benzoate could be shown for the first time. It showed the strongest sensitizing capacity of all compounds tested followed by benzyl isoferulate. The latter is a significant cross-linking allergen because it occurs in propolis as well." \\ |
| [Identification of New Allergenic Constituents and Proof of Evidence for Coniferyl Benzoate in Balsam of Peru., Hausen, B.M., Simatupang, T., Bruhn, G., Evers, P., Koenig, W.A., Dermatitis, Vol.6(4), 1995, 199-208] | [Identification of New Allergenic Constituents and Proof of Evidence for Coniferyl Benzoate in Balsam of Peru., Hausen, B.M., Simatupang, T., Bruhn, G., Evers, P., Koenig, W.A., Dermatitis, Vol.6(4), 1995, 199-208] |
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| | | {{:benzylcinnamate.png|benzyl cinnamate}} \\ benzyl cinnamate | {{:nerolidol_e.jpg| (E)-nerolidol}} \\ (E)-nerolidol | {{:vanillin.jpg| vanillin}} \\ vanillin | {{benzoicacid.png|benzoic acid}} \\ benzoic acid | {{cinnamicacid.png|cinnamic acid}} \\ cinnamic acid | |
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| | "Peru balsam odour is the reference balsamic note; rich, sweet, soft and long lasting with a vanilla-like dryout. Its characterising components are cinnamic derivatives and vanillin." Main components of 'Peru Balsam Oil' (distilled directly from the balsam at high vacuum using the minimum of heating) were benzyl benzoate (86.2%), benzyl trans cinnamate (6.0%), nerolidol (Z/E; 2.4%), benzoic acid (2.0%), and benzyl alcohol (1.6%). Minor components were e.g. benzaldehyde (0.03%), methyl benzoate (0.02%), vanillin (0.4%), as well as cinnamic acid (0.1%) and their esters like methyl cinnamate and cinnamyl cinnamate. \\ |
| | [Moyler, D. A., R. A. Clery, and K. A. D. Swift. „Flavours and Fragrances.“ Special Publications No. 214 (1997): 96-115] |
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| Volatile constituents were identified by SPME/GC-MS analysis of Peru Balsam. A high percentage of nerolidol (38%) was found, together with benzyl benzoate (31%). Major components were also benzyl alcohol (8%), benzoic acid (6%), benzaldehyde, β-farnesene, α-farnesene, and styrene. \\ | Volatile constituents were identified by SPME/GC-MS analysis of Peru Balsam. A high percentage of nerolidol (38%) was found, together with benzyl benzoate (31%). Major components were also benzyl alcohol (8%), benzoic acid (6%), benzaldehyde, β-farnesene, α-farnesene, and styrene. \\ |
| SFE CO2 extracts were rich in benzyl benzoate (48-60%), followed by benzyl cinnamate (15-37%) and nerolidol (7-17%). \\ | SFE CO2 extracts were rich in benzyl benzoate (48-60%), followed by benzyl cinnamate (15-37%) and nerolidol (7-17%). \\ |
| Major products of hydro distillation were nerolidol (46%) and benzyl benzoate (44%); minor components were benzyl cinnamate (1%) and ethyl benzoate (1%). \\ | Major products of hydro distillation were nerolidol (46%) and benzyl benzoate (44%); minor components were benzyl cinnamate (1%) and ethyl benzoate (1%). \\ |
| [Contribution to the analysis and quality control of Peru Balsam., Mammerler, V., Doctoral dissertation, Uni Wien, 2009] \\ | [Contribution to the analysis and quality control of Peru Balsam., Mammerler, V., Doctoral dissertation, Uni Wien, 2009] [[http://othes.univie.ac.at/4056/1/2009-03-23_0201578.pdf|PDF]] |
| [[http://othes.univie.ac.at/4056/1/2009-03-23_0201578.pdf]] | |
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| "Because of their widespread use, fragrances are among the most common causes of contact allergic dermatitis, second only to nickel. During a five-year period 3,065 patients with contact dermatitis were patch tested using a specific mix of fragrances. 509 (16.6%) patients were allergic to the fragrance mix, while 258 (8.4%) patients exhibited an allergic reaction to Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru). Between those 509 patients, 157 were patch tested with eight individual substances contained in the fragrance mix: cinnamal, cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellal, alpha-amyl cinnamal and Evernia prunastri (oak moss). The most frequent allergens were isoeugenol 57.9% (91/157), eugenol 55.4% (87/157), cinnamyl alcohol 34.4% (54/157) and Evernia prunastri (oak moss) 24.2% (38/157). There were 62 patients (39.5%) who exhibited an allergic reaction to both the fragrance mix and Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru)." \\ | "Because of their widespread use, fragrances are among the most common causes of contact allergic dermatitis, second only to nickel. During a five-year period 3,065 patients with contact dermatitis were patch tested using a specific mix of fragrances. 509 (16.6%) patients were allergic to the fragrance mix, while 258 (8.4%) patients exhibited an allergic reaction to Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru). Between those 509 patients, 157 were patch tested with eight individual substances contained in the fragrance mix: cinnamal, cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellal, alpha-amyl cinnamal and Evernia prunastri (oak moss). The most frequent allergens were isoeugenol 57.9% (91/157), eugenol 55.4% (87/157), cinnamyl alcohol 34.4% (54/157) and Evernia prunastri (oak moss) 24.2% (38/157). There were 62 patients (39.5%) who exhibited an allergic reaction to both the fragrance mix and Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru)." \\ |
| [Contact allergy caused by fragrance mix and Myroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru), a retrospective study., Turčić, P., Lipozenčić, J., Milavec-Puretić, V., Marinović Kulišić, S., Collegium antropologicum, 35(1), 2011, 83-87] \\ | [Contact allergy caused by fragrance mix and Myroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru), a retrospective study., Turčić, P., Lipozenčić, J., Milavec-Puretić, V., Marinović Kulišić, S., Collegium antropologicum, 35(1), 2011, 83-87] [[http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/97030|PDF]] |
| [[http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/97030]] | |
| | Main components of the hydrodistilled essential oil of six commercial samples of Peru balsam analysed by GC-MS were benzyl benzoate (47.9-70.4%), nerolidol (19.0-36.2%), benzyl cinnamate (0.7-3.6%), α-pinene (0.6-1.7%), styrene (0.3-1.6%), (Z)-ocimene (0.2-1.5%), and ethyl benzoate (0.5-1.2%). \\ |
| | [Zitterl-Eglseer, K., et al. "Dermatological compatibility of different Peru balsams (Myroxylon balsamum Harms) and their main compounds nerolidol and benzyl benzoate in dogs evaluated by means of patch testing." Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift 99.3-4 (2012): 101-108] |
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| | Main constituents of a commercial Peru balsam oil originating from El Salvador were benzyl benzoate (44.2%), benzyl cinnamate (25.6%), cinnamic acid (13.3%), benzoic acid (5.9%), nerolidol (4.5%), and coumarin (1.0%). Minor components were benzyl alcohol (0.9%) and isoeugenol (0.2%) e.g.\\ |
| | [Peru Balsam Oleoresin essential oil #PBR-101, Aromatics International, 2014] [[https://www.aromatics.com/products/peru-balsam-oleoresin|GCMS Data]] |
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| | {{perubalsam.jpg?600}} \\ |
| | Myroxylon balsamum var.pereirae as Toluifera pereirae Baillon \\ |
| | Kohl, F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.105 (1891-1895) [F.G.Kohl] |
| | [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=688560|plantgenera.org]] |
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| | {{:myroxylon_peru.jpg}} \\ |
| | Myroxylon peruiferum, Gral. José de San Martín, Salta, Argentina (2023) © Ignacio Barrientos [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/|CC BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=280702|inaturalist.org]] |
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| {{perubalsam.jpg?500}} \\ | |
| Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms [as Toluifera pereirae Baillon] \\ | |
| Kohl, F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t. 105 (1891-1895) [F.G. Kohl] \\ | |
| [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=688560]] | |
