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matricaria_chamomilla_l [2018/01/25 09:45] – andreasmatricaria_chamomilla_l [2025/05/18 14:59] (aktuell) – andreas
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 The dark blue colored chamazulene is an artifact of the steam distillation of German chamomile flowers. The essential oil collected by steam distillation contained bisabololoxide A (57.6%), chamazulene (23.3%), bisabolonoxide A (4.1%), bisabololoxide B (4.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (2.9%), and germacrene D (1.4%). The fruit esters, ocimenes, artemisia keton and β-selinene were only found in traces. \\  The dark blue colored chamazulene is an artifact of the steam distillation of German chamomile flowers. The essential oil collected by steam distillation contained bisabololoxide A (57.6%), chamazulene (23.3%), bisabolonoxide A (4.1%), bisabololoxide B (4.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (2.9%), and germacrene D (1.4%). The fruit esters, ocimenes, artemisia keton and β-selinene were only found in traces. \\ 
 [Brunke E.-J., Hammerschmidt F.-J., Schmaus G., Flower scent of some traditional medicinal plants., in: Teranishi, R.;Buttery, R. G.;Sugisawa, H. Bioactive volatile compounds from plants. (Book) 1993, 282-296] [Brunke E.-J., Hammerschmidt F.-J., Schmaus G., Flower scent of some traditional medicinal plants., in: Teranishi, R.;Buttery, R. G.;Sugisawa, H. Bioactive volatile compounds from plants. (Book) 1993, 282-296]
 +
 +Extraction of the flowers (4kg) of M.chamomilla with hexane (80g extract) followed by column chromatography yielded mainly the [[https://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1031831.html|balsamic sweet tonka-scented herniarin]] (1.76g), oleanolic acid,  stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, and its glucoside. \\
 +[Ahmad, A., and L. N. Misra. "Isolation of herniarin and other constituents from Matricaria chamomilla flowers." International journal of pharmacognosy 35.2 (1997): 121-125] [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1076/phbi.35.2.121.13280]]
  
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 [Extraction, characterization, stability and biological activity of flavonoids isolated from chamomile flowers. Srivastava, Janmejai K., and Sanjay Gupta. Molecular and cellular pharmacology 1.3 (2009): 138] [Extraction, characterization, stability and biological activity of flavonoids isolated from chamomile flowers. Srivastava, Janmejai K., and Sanjay Gupta. Molecular and cellular pharmacology 1.3 (2009): 138]
  
-|{{:chamazulene.jpg|chamazulene}} \\ chamazulene |{{:en_indicycloether.jpg|}} \\ (Z)-en-yne-dicycloether |+|{{:chamazulene.jpg|chamazulene}} \\ chamazulene |{{:en_indicycloether.jpg|}} \\ (Z)-en-yne-dicycloether |{{:bisabolol_alphaminus.png|(-)-α-bisabolol}} \\ (-)-α-bisabolol | 
  
 "Variations in the essential oil composition of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert from different European countries were determined. A total of 39 components were identified, representing over 92% of the total oil yield. The principal biologically active compounds in chamomile oils were bisabolol oxide A (3.1-56.0%), α-bisabolol (0.1-44.2%), bisabolol oxide B (3.9-27.2%), [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1637461.html|cis-enyne-dicycloether]] (8.8-26.1%), bisabolon oxide A (0.5-24.8%), chamazulene (0.7-15.3%), spathulenol (1.7-4.8%) and (E)-β-farnesene (2.3-6.6%). In 8 chamomile samples from 13, bisabolol oxide A (27.5-56.0%) was predominant (among them in three Estonian samples). α-Bisabolol (23.9-44.2%) was predominant in the samples from Moldova, Russia and the Czech Republic. The sample from Armenia was rich in bisabolol oxide B (27.2%) and chamazulene (15.3%). The oils were obtained in yields of 0.7-6.7 mL kg−1 and the minimum limit of 4 mL kg−1 stated by the European Pharmacopoeia was exceeded only in 13 samples from 13 analysed drugs." \\ "Variations in the essential oil composition of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert from different European countries were determined. A total of 39 components were identified, representing over 92% of the total oil yield. The principal biologically active compounds in chamomile oils were bisabolol oxide A (3.1-56.0%), α-bisabolol (0.1-44.2%), bisabolol oxide B (3.9-27.2%), [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1637461.html|cis-enyne-dicycloether]] (8.8-26.1%), bisabolon oxide A (0.5-24.8%), chamazulene (0.7-15.3%), spathulenol (1.7-4.8%) and (E)-β-farnesene (2.3-6.6%). In 8 chamomile samples from 13, bisabolol oxide A (27.5-56.0%) was predominant (among them in three Estonian samples). α-Bisabolol (23.9-44.2%) was predominant in the samples from Moldova, Russia and the Czech Republic. The sample from Armenia was rich in bisabolol oxide B (27.2%) and chamazulene (15.3%). The oils were obtained in yields of 0.7-6.7 mL kg−1 and the minimum limit of 4 mL kg−1 stated by the European Pharmacopoeia was exceeded only in 13 samples from 13 analysed drugs." \\
 [Content and composition of the essential oil of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert from some European countries. Orav, Anne, Ain Raal, and Elmar Arak. Natural product research 24.1 (2010): 48-55]  [Content and composition of the essential oil of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert from some European countries. Orav, Anne, Ain Raal, and Elmar Arak. Natural product research 24.1 (2010): 48-55] 
  
-In a comparative analysis, the main constituents found in the essential oils of Matricaria species were: \\  +In a comparative analysis, the main constituents found in the essential oils of Matricaria species (inflorescences, Estonia) were: \\  
-M.chamomilla: Bisabolol oxide A (39.4%), bisabolone oxide A (13.9%), (Z)-en-yne-dicycloether (11.5%), bisabolol oxide B (9.9%), α-bisabolol (5.6%), chamazulene (4.7%); \\  +Matricaria chamomilla (0.15%): Bisabolol oxide A (39.4%), bisabolone oxide A (13.9%), (Z)-en-yne-dicycloether (11.5%), bisabolol oxide B (9.9%), α-bisabolol (5.6%), chamazulene (4.7%); \\  
-M.discoidea: (Z)-en-yne-dicycloether (37.2%), geranyl isovalerate (22.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (15.6%); \\ +[[matricaria_discoidea_dc|Matricaria discoidea]] (0.12%): (Z)-en-yne-dicycloether (37.2%), geranyl isovalerate (22.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (15.6%); \\ 
-Matricaria perforata (Geruchlose Kamille): (Z,Z)-matricaria ester (77.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (3.5%), matricaria ester isomer (3.5%), matricaria lactone (3.0%). \\+Matricaria perforata (Geruchlose Kamille, 0.2%): (Z,Z)-matricaria ester (77.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (3.5%), matricaria ester isomer (3.5%), matricaria lactone (3.0%). \\
 [Content and composition of essential oils in some Asteraceae species., Raal, A., Kaur, H., Orav, A., Arak, E., Kailas, T., Muurisepp, M., Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Vol.60(1), 2011, 55-63] \\ [Content and composition of essential oils in some Asteraceae species., Raal, A., Kaur, H., Orav, A., Arak, E., Kailas, T., Muurisepp, M., Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Vol.60(1), 2011, 55-63] \\
 [[http://kirj.ee/public/proceedings_pdf/2011/issue_1/proc-2011-1-55-63.pdf]] [[http://kirj.ee/public/proceedings_pdf/2011/issue_1/proc-2011-1-55-63.pdf]]
Zeile 34: Zeile 37:
 [Pro-apoptotic activity of a-bisabolol in preclinical models of primary human acute leukemia cells., Cavalieri, E., Rigo, A., Bonifacio, M., de Prati, A.C., Guardalben, E., Bergamini, C., Vinante, F., J Transl Med, Vol.9, 2011, 45] \\ [Pro-apoptotic activity of a-bisabolol in preclinical models of primary human acute leukemia cells., Cavalieri, E., Rigo, A., Bonifacio, M., de Prati, A.C., Guardalben, E., Bergamini, C., Vinante, F., J Transl Med, Vol.9, 2011, 45] \\
 [[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1479-5876-9-45.pdf]] [[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1479-5876-9-45.pdf]]
 +
 +Main volatile compounds of dried chamomile flowers collected with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were (E)-β-farnesene (49%), artemisia ketone (10.1%), germacrene D (9.1%) and sabinene (7.7%). Interesting minor components not present in the essential oil (steam distillation-solvent extract, SDSE) were e.g. methyl 2-methylbutanoate (0.3%), ethyl 2-methyl butyrate (1.6%), propyl 2-methylbutanoate (0.5%), benzaldehyde (0.5%), and 1,8-cineole (2.2%). Main components of the essential oil were α-bisabolol oxide A (48.0%), chamazulene (20.4%), (E)-β-darnesene (6.7%) and (Z)-spiroether (6.7%). \\
 +[Rafieiolhossaini, Mohammad, et al. "Fast quality assessment of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) by headspace solid-phase microextraction: influence of flower development stage." Natural Product Communications 7.1 (2012): 1934578X1200700133.]
  
 In chamomile tea, "...at most only 16% of the genuine essential oil can be extracted by infusion. High amounts of spiro ethers [cis- and trans-enyne-dicycloether] (ca.30% in the infusion vs. ca. 12% in the genuine oil) and coumarins (7%) [namely methylumbelliferone 5.5%] and reduced amounts of bisabolol oxides (ca. 32% in the infusion vs. ca. 60% in the genuine oil) can be regarded as markers of the volatile fraction of chamomile tea." \\ In chamomile tea, "...at most only 16% of the genuine essential oil can be extracted by infusion. High amounts of spiro ethers [cis- and trans-enyne-dicycloether] (ca.30% in the infusion vs. ca. 12% in the genuine oil) and coumarins (7%) [namely methylumbelliferone 5.5%] and reduced amounts of bisabolol oxides (ca. 32% in the infusion vs. ca. 60% in the genuine oil) can be regarded as markers of the volatile fraction of chamomile tea." \\
matricaria_chamomilla_l.1516873514.txt.gz · Zuletzt geändert: 2018/01/25 09:45 von andreas
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