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--- limonia_acidissima_l [2015/04/02 17:07] – angelegt andreas
+++ limonia_acidissima_l [2025/11/06 14:39] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 2: / Zeile 2: @@
 elephant’s apple, (Indian) wood apple, **Indischer Holzapfel**, Elefantenapfel
-Evergreen tree, up to 9m tall, native to Asia (from Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan to China and Malesya); spines axillary; leaves obovate, entire to obscurely crenulate; flower dull red, fragrant; berry hard, 5-9cm in diameter, with sticky brown pulp and small white seeds inside. \\
+Evergreen tree, up to 9m tall, native to Asia (from Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan to China and Malaysia); spines axillary; leaves obovate, entire to obscurely crenulate; flower dull red, fragrant; berry hard, 5-9cm in diameter, with sticky brown pulp and small white seeds inside. \\
 "The 'wood apple' is... frequently cultivated... The leaves smell of aniseed. The pulp of the fruit is used in the treatment of diarrhoea." \\
 [[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220007634]]
-"The fruits of L.acidissima are well documented for its use in Indian traditional medicine and are commonly known as wood apple, elephant-apple, monkey fruit, vilampazham, kath bel and kaitha. The fruits are spherical in shape with greyish-white rind and a woody hard outer shell. L. acidissima fruit pulp is sweet, sticky, brown, resinous, with peculiar aroma and consists of white seeds. The raw fruit pulp is helpful in the treatment of gastro intestinal problems like flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery and piles." \\
+"The fruit is eaten plain, blended into an assortment of drinks and sweets, or well-preserved as jam. The scooped-out pulp from its fruits is eaten uncooked with or without sugar, or is combined with coconut milk and palm-sugar syrup and drunk as a beverage, or frozen as an ice cream." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonia_acidissima|wikipedia]] see also [[https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc3299|Givaudan Citrus Variety Collection (UCR)]]
+|{{anethol.jpg|}} \\ (E)-anethole |{{:estragole.jpg|estragole }} \\ methyl chavicol (estragole) |
+"The main constituents of the essential oil isolated from F. limonia [Limonia acidissima] //leaves// were methyl chavicol (27.2%), thymol (24.4%), trans-anethol (10.9%), p-cymen-7-ol (7.3%) and isohumulene (4.8%)." \\
+[Composition of the volatile oil from Feronia limonia leaves., Ahmad, A., Misra, L.N., Thakur, R.S., Planta medica, Vol.55(2), 1989, 199-200]
+L.acidissima is used traditionally as diuretic. Methanolic (50%v/v) extract of the //leaves// at 200mg/kg produced a marked diuresis in treated rats. Significant increase in sodium, potassium and chloride ion excreaction was observed. The diuretic potency was comparable to that of the standard drug furosemide at 100mg/kg. \\
+[Diuretic activity of the extracts of Limonia acidissima in rats., Parial, S., Jain, D.C., Joshi, S.B., Rasayan J Chem, Vol.2, 2009, 53-56] [[http://www.rasayanjournal.co.in/vol-2/issue-1/10.pdf|PDF]]
+A methanolic extract of the fruit pulp contained maltol (1.2%). \\
+[Pandey, Shipra, Gouri Satpathy, and Rajinder K. Gupta. "Evaluation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of exotic fruit Limonia acidissima." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 3.2 (2014)]
+{{:maltol.jpg| maltol}} maltol (sweet caramel)
+"The //fruits// of L.acidissima are well documented for its use in Indian traditional medicine and are commonly known as wood apple, elephant-apple, monkey fruit, vilampazham, kath bel and kaitha. The fruits are spherical in shape with greyish-white rind and a woody hard outer shell. L. acidissima fruit pulp is sweet, sticky, brown, resinous, with peculiar aroma and consists of white seeds. The raw fruit pulp is helpful in the treatment of gastro intestinal problems like flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery and piles." \\
 The methanolic extract of the pulp contained several fatty acids like docosanoic, dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, penta decanoic acid, octadecanoic, and docosatrienoic acid, e.g. and aroma active substances like maltol, vinyl guaiacol and furan derivatives.\\
-[Spectroscopic analysis and antibacterial effiacy of bioactive compounds from Limonia acidissima L. fruit extract against clinical pathogens., Ponnuraj, S., Jaganathan, D., Kanagarajan, M., Deivamarudachalam, T.P. D., International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.7(3), 2015] \\
+L.acidissima fruit extract showed an antibacterial effect against some clinical pathogens, but at high concentrations compared to ciprofloxacin. \\
-[[http://www.innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/download/4711/4711]]
+[Spectroscopic analysis and antibacterial effiacy of bioactive compounds from Limonia acidissima L. fruit extract against clinical pathogens., Ponnuraj, S., Jaganathan, D., Kanagarajan, M., Deivamarudachalam, T.P. D., International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.7(3), 2015]
+[[http://www.innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/download/4711/4711|PDF]]
+Main components of a volatile compounds extract of the pulp with dichloromethane were hexanoic acid (26.2%), 5-methylhexanoic acid (25.5%), butanoic acid (8.2%), octanoic acid (3.2%), [[https://thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1036571.html|methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate]] (3.2%), ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate (2.2%), and δ-hexalactone (2.0%). One of the minor components was vanillin (0.49%).  \\
+[Suyanto, Agus, et al. "Improvement yield of applewood (Feronia limonia) flavor extract by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane solvent." Food Science and Technology 42 (2021): e47520] [[https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/cQs5SLs6znGXwhDgQmfNjRf/?format=pdf&lang=en|PDF]]
+{{:feronia.jpg?700}} \\
+Roxburgh, W., Plants of the coast of Coromandel, vol.2, t.141 (1798) [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=605662|plantgenera.org]]
+{{:limonia_acid.jpg?700|}} \\
+Limonia acidissima, Colombo, Sri Lanka (2025) © sachini-sandeepanee [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/|CC BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=343928|inaturalist.org]]