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--- lavandula_x_intermedia [2014/12/19 09:37] – angelegt andreas
+++ lavandula_x_intermedia [2018/07/11 08:22] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 Lavandula ×intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. - syn.Lavandula ×burnatii Briq. - Lamiaceae \\
-lavandin, Dutch lavender, **Spiklavendel**
+lavandin, Dutch lavender, **Spiklavendel**, Lavandin
 "Lavandin, Lavandula × intermedia (also known as Dutch lavender), yields a similar essential oil, but with higher levels of terpenes including camphor, which add a sharper overtone to the fragrance." \\
 [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavandula]]
+"Hybrid cultivars vary somewhat in habit, flower color, aromatic intensity and bloom time. ‘Grosso’ is a mounded, shrubby cultivar that grows to 2-3’ tall and features silver-green foliage and very fragrant lavender flowers in summer." [[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a393]]
 "This study compared agronomic traits and essential oil quantity and quality of 10 cultivars of certified organically-grown lavender (Lavandula spp). Results reported are based on the second year of production and is the first report of organically certified lavender oils. Lavandin cultivars (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) produced significantly higher oil yield (7.1–9.9% dry inflorescences) compared to six lavender cultivars (2.8–5.0% dry inflorescences), with cultivars ‘Grosso,’ ‘Abriallii’ and ‘Super’ yielding the highest (9.9%, 9.0%, and 8.7%, respectively). Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) ‘Grey Lady’ produced the highest oil yield (5.0%), and ‘Lady’ the least (2.8%). All lavandins produced acceptable flowers for the dried market except ‘Provence’ whose flower color was pale purple. Lavender flowers from ‘Hidcote,’ ‘Munstead’ and ‘English’ were acceptable for the dried floral market. By year two, lavender cultivars reached full bloom and could be harvested for oil prior to the lavandins. Lavandin ‘Grosso’ oil possessed the highest camphor (8.1 as relative % of total oil). Enantiomeric distribution of (R)-(-) and (S)-(+) forms of linalool and linalyl acetate were found to be useful indicators of the purity of lavender oils." \\
 [Essential oil quantity and composition from 10 cultivars of organically grown lavender and lavandin., Renaud, E. N., Charles, D. J., Simon, J. E., Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol.13(4), 2001, 269-273]
+| {{:linalool_r.jpg| (R)-(-)-linalool }} \\ (R)-(-)-linalool | {{:linalylacetate_r.jpg| linalyl acetate }} \\ [[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI%3A78334|(R)-(-)-linalyl acetate]] | {{:camphor.jpg| camphor }} \\ camphor | {{:lavandulol_r.jpg| (R)-(-)-lavandulol }} \\ (R)-(-)-lavandulol |
+"The monoterpene alcohol [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/lavandulol.htm|(-)-(R)-lavandulol]] and its acetate can be considered as biogenic internal standards for lavender/lavandin oils, because these irregular isoprenoids are not found in spike oil." \\
+[Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 243]
 "In Turkey, Isparta province is known as valley of oil rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) and lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super). This work aimed to assess the influence of the harvest time and drying temperature on the essential oil content and composition in lavandin which was harvested in four different dates (8, 15, 22 and 29 July 2005) and dried at four different temperature (30, 40, 50 and 60°C). The flower essential oil was extracted by distillation in Clevenger apparatus, and constituent concentrates were analyzed on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The oils were obtained from the dry inflorescences without stem. The two major components of the essential oil were linalool and linalyl acetate. Harvest time influenced the final content of essential oil. Essential oil content decreased from the first harvest (8.25%) to the last harvest (7.30%). The highest linalool content (43.65%) was at the middle of the flowering season, and the highest linalyl acetate content (25.96%) was at the end of the flowering season. Essential oil composition was also importantly influenced by the oven-drying temperature. 75.7% of essential oil was lost during oven drying at 60°C compared to drying at 30°C. There was decreasing in concentrations of linalool (from 42.91 to 34.13%), and increasing in concentrations of linalyl acetate (26.11 to 32.55%), when comparing essential oil composition from 30°C to 60°C treatments." \\
 [Effects of harvest time and drying on essential oil properties in lavandin (Lavandula× intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.)., Baydar, H., Erbaş, S., In I International Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference on Culinary Herbs 826, 2007, 377-382)]
+"Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) oil has long been used in the fragrance and perfumery industry. Lavandin is a complementary crop to Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) for rose oil producers who need novel essential oil crops in Isparta region of Turkey. Although concrete, absolute and hydrosol are also produced from the lavandin flowers apart from lavandin oil, there are very limited studies on these products. The oil of var. Super grown in Isparta region was released from the glands in the flower inflorescences by steam distillation. Lavandin hydrosol (distillate water) was obtained from a by-product during the distillation. Concrete was extracted from the flower inflorescences using n-hexane, and subsequently by evaporation of the solvent in vacuum. Absolute was produced from the concrete with ethyl alcohol extraction. Essential oils from these products were analyzed on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Two major compounds were linalyl acetate and linalool, and the concentrations of both compounds were 47.7 % and 34.0 % in the oil, 46.6 % and 17.7 % in the concrete, 45.0 % and 17.2 % in absolute, respectively. Lavandin hydrosol contained 55.6 % linalool, but any linalyl acetate. Lavandin oil yield of the fresh inflorescences was about 1.2 % (5.8 % in dry flower heads). The yield of lavandin concrete was 0.9 % and the lavandin concrete gave 60 % of lavandin absolute." \\
+[Scent composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute and hydrosol from lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.)., Baydar, H., Kineci, S., Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, Vol.12(2), 2009, 131-136]
+{{:lavandula_x_intermedia.jpg|}} \\
+Lavandula ×intermedia, [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 2.0]], Author: F. d. Richards \\
+[[https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/lavandula-x-intermedia/]]