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--- lavandula_angustifolia_mill [2017/10/18 05:52] – andreas
+++ lavandula_angustifolia_mill [2024/08/02 10:14] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 3: / Zeile 3: @@
 Evergreen shrub, 0.20-1m high, native to Southwest Europe, cultivated and naturalized in Europa and Africa; leaves linear; flowers blue-violet.
+Whereas hydrodistillated (ph 7.0) lavender oil contained linalool 40.9% and linalyl acetate 13.2%, extraction with pentan/diethylether 3:1 afforded an oil with linalool 24.9% and linalyl acetate 42.9%. Gas phase stripping yielded an extract which contained linalool 25.7% and linalyl acetate 40.1%. α-Terpineol, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, nerol and geraniol were identified as hydrodistillation artefacts from intermediate cations. It was shown that in contrast to linalyl acetate, linalool did not undergo rearrangements in a pH range of 5.0-8.0. \\
+[Schmaus, G., and K-H. Kubeczka. "The influence of isolation conditions on the composition of essential oils containing linalool and linalyl acetate." Essential Oils and Aromatic Plants. Springer, Dordrecht, 1985. 127-134]
 "The lavender oil produced by supercritical extraction was compared to the oil obtained by hydrodistillation. The major difference between the two products was reflected in the linalyl acetate content. This compound was found to be 34.7% of the oil produced by supercritical fluid extraction and 12.1% of the hydrodistilled product. This difference can be ascribed to the hydrolysis of part of this compound during hydrodistillation." \\
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 Linalool (40.9%) and linalyl acetate (33.9%) were quantitatively the main components in lavender oil. Linalool was found almost optically pure (88.0% ee; jasmine tea 82.6%) as (R)-(-). "Only [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/linalool.htm|(R)-(−)-linalool]] elicited a significant decrease in heart rate (P < 0.05) and an increase in high-frequency component in comparison with the controls, and produced calm and vigorous mood states." \\
 [Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(−)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states., Kuroda, K., Inoue, N., Ito, Y., Kubota, K., Sugimoto, A., Kakuda, T., Fushiki, T., European journal of applied physiology, 95(2-3), 2005, 107-114]
+"(3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene also occurs in olfactorly significant amounts in, for example, angelica root oil, lavender oil, celery herb oil, the scent of fresh pineapple, mandarin, peppermint, and many Coryanthes species." \\
+[Meaningful Scents around the World, R.Kaiser, 2006, 58; R.Kaiser internal Givaudan files]
 "...two monoterpene synthases (LaLIMS and LaLINS) and one sesquiterpene synthase (LaBERS) were cloned from lavender leaves and flowers. LaLIMS catalyzed the formation of (R)-(+)-limonene, terpinolene, (1R,5S)-(+)-camphene, (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene, β-myrcene and traces of α-phellandrene. The proportions of these products changed significantly when Mn2+ was supplied as the cofactor instead of Mg2+. The second enzyme LaLINS produced exclusively (R)-(−)-linalool, the main component of lavender essential oil. LaBERS transformed farnesyl diphosphate and represents the first reported trans-α-bergamotene synthase. " \\
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 [Essential oil composition of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. cultivated in the mid hills of Uttarakhand, India., Verma, Ram S., et al., Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society Vol.75(3), 2010, 343-348]
-Over 90% of lavender oils is composed of only 12 components occuring at > 1% (with (R)-(-)-linalool and (R)-linalyl acetate together up to 70%), a further 26 compounds are present in amounts of 0.1-1.0%, and the remaining 3% of the oil is compromised of 250 trace compounds with great structural diversity. The undeca-1,3,5-trienes (galbanolenes, 0.02%) and (3E,5Z,8Z)-undeca-1,3,5,8-tetraene (0.004%) contribute considerably to the scent impression of the oil due to their low thresholds and characteristic odor qualities (intense galbanum). \\
+Over 90% of lavender oils is composed of only 12 components occuring at > 1% (with (R)-(-)-linalool and (R)-linalyl acetate together up to 70%), a further 26 compounds are present in amounts of 0.1-1.0%, and the remaining 3% of the oil is compromised of 250 trace compounds with great structural diversity. The undeca-1,3,5-trienes (galbanolenes, 0.02%) and (3E,5Z,8Z)-undeca-1,3,5,8-tetraene (0.004%) contribute considerably to the scent impression of the oil due to their low thresholds and characteristic odor qualities (intense galbanum). Further olfactorly important trace components are Z-jasmone, methyl jasmonate, β-ionone, β-damascenone, coumarin, methyl salicylate, 2-hydroxycuminal, eugenol, guaiacol, as well as 2-acetylpyridine and 5-isoprenyl-2-methylpyridine. \\
 [Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 242-247]
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 [Biosynthesis and Therapeutic Properties of Lavandula Essential Oil Constituents., Woronuk, G., Demissie, Z., Rheault, M., Mahmoud, S., Planta Med, Vol.77, 2011, 7-15]
-{{:lavandula_officinalis.jpg?500}} \\
+{{:lavandula_officinalis.jpg?600}} \\
-Lavandula angustifolia as Lavandula officinalis;
+Lavandula angustifolia as Lavandula officinalis \\
 Kohl,F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.135 (1891-1895)
+{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_6/P1500761.JPG}} \\
+Lavandula angustifolia \\ © Rolf Marschner (2011),
+[[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=95&t=2142| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]