| Beide Seiten der vorigen RevisionVorhergehende ÜberarbeitungNächste Überarbeitung | Vorhergehende Überarbeitung |
| juniperus_oxycedrus_l [2022/07/30 08:27] – andreas | juniperus_oxycedrus_l [2025/11/15 11:52] (aktuell) – andreas |
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| Main volatile components of a commercial cade oil ('juniper tar', essential oil obtained by pyrolisis of the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus) were cadinene (12.7%), guaiacol (7.1%), calamenene (2.3%), α-muurolene (2.0%), calacorene (2.0%), 4-ethyl guaiacol (1.9%), cadalene (1.7%), cadina-1,4-diene (1.4%), β-caryophyllene (1.3%), and 5-methylfurfural (1.2%). \\ | Main volatile components of a commercial cade oil ('juniper tar', essential oil obtained by pyrolisis of the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus) were cadinene (12.7%), guaiacol (7.1%), calamenene (2.3%), α-muurolene (2.0%), calacorene (2.0%), 4-ethyl guaiacol (1.9%), cadalene (1.7%), cadina-1,4-diene (1.4%), β-caryophyllene (1.3%), and 5-methylfurfural (1.2%). \\ |
| [Divine essence / UNION NATURE AROMA-PHYTO INC. Organic Cade Essential Oil MP-05-0098, 2015] [[https://divineessence.com/en/product/cade-juniper-tar-oil/]] | [[https://divineessence.com/en/product/cade-juniper-tar-oil/|Divine essence / UNION NATURE AROMA-PHYTO INC. Organic Cade Essential Oil MP-05-0098, 2015]] |
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| | {{:guaiacol.jpg| guaiacol}} guaiacol| {{:thymoquinone.jpg| thymoquinone }} \\ thymoquinone|{{:cedrol.jpg| α-cedrol}} \\ α-cedrol| | | {{:guaiacol.jpg| guaiacol}} \\ guaiacol| {{:thymoquinone.jpg| thymoquinone }} \\ thymoquinone|{{:cedrol.jpg| α-cedrol}} \\ α-cedrol| |
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| //wood// | //wood// |
| //leaves and berries// | //leaves and berries// |
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| Fresh juniper needles contain about 3% of 2,3-dihydrofarnesal. \\ | Main components of the essential oil from fresh needles were α-pinene (41.3%), dodecenyl acetate (6.3%), and the olfactory interesting 2,3-dihydrofarnesal (3.3%). \\ |
| [Milos M, Radonic A. Gas chromatography mass spectral analysis of free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds from Juniperus oxycedrus L. growing wild in Croatia. Food Chem 2000:68:333 – 338] | [Milos M, Radonic A. Gas chromatography mass spectral analysis of free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds from Juniperus oxycedrus L. growing wild in Croatia. Food Chem 2000:68:333-338] |
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| "Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of the leaves and berries of Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. oxycedrus, coupled with a two-stage separation, allowed the entrapment of cuticular waxes in the first separator (90 bar, −10 °C), thereby allowing pure essential oils to be collected in the second separator (15 bar, 10 °C). An extraction carried out on a charge of leaves, at 90 bar and 50 °C, gave a yield of 0.8% (w/w) with respect to the charged material, of an oil whose major constituents were germacrene D (15.9%), manoyl oxide (10.2%) and 1-epi-cubenol (5.4%). The berry oil obtained, at the same pressure and temperature as those for the leaves, gave a yield of 0.45% (w/w) and was composed chiefly of germacrene D (13.8%), α-pinene (10.5%) and β-myrcene (8.1%). At a constant temperature of 50 °C, different extraction pressures (80, 90 and 100 bar) were tested in order to obtain the juniper wood essential oil. The extraction yield depended strongly on the extraction pressure, reaching a maximum of 14.7% (w/w) at 100 bar. The main constituents in the extract were δ-cadinene, calamenene, [[http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C21284220|cubenol]] and 1-epi-cubenol. Hydrodistillation of the wood of J. oxycedrus gave a yield of 11.0% (w/w) of essential oil, with a reduced level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and an enhanced amount of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, with respect to the oil obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The extracts obtained at different pressures were tested for cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that the extracts of leaves and berries obtained at 200 bar were cytotoxic against different cell lines used to support virus growth. As far as antiviral activiy is concerned, some of the extracts were active against a single-stranded RNA+ virus (Poliovirus-1). When tested for antimicrobial activity, none of the samples were shown to be active." \\ | "Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of the leaves and berries of Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. oxycedrus, coupled with a two-stage separation, allowed the entrapment of cuticular waxes in the first separator (90 bar, −10 °C), thereby allowing pure essential oils to be collected in the second separator (15 bar, 10 °C). An extraction carried out on a charge of leaves, at 90 bar and 50 °C, gave a yield of 0.8% (w/w) with respect to the charged material, of an oil whose major constituents were germacrene D (15.9%), manoyl oxide (10.2%) and 1-epi-cubenol (5.4%). The berry oil obtained, at the same pressure and temperature as those for the leaves, gave a yield of 0.45% (w/w) and was composed chiefly of germacrene D (13.8%), α-pinene (10.5%) and β-myrcene (8.1%). At a constant temperature of 50 °C, different extraction pressures (80, 90 and 100 bar) were tested in order to obtain the juniper wood essential oil. The extraction yield depended strongly on the extraction pressure, reaching a maximum of 14.7% (w/w) at 100 bar. The main constituents in the extract were δ-cadinene, calamenene, [[http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C21284220|cubenol]] and 1-epi-cubenol. Hydrodistillation of the wood of J. oxycedrus gave a yield of 11.0% (w/w) of essential oil, with a reduced level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and an enhanced amount of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, with respect to the oil obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The extracts obtained at different pressures were tested for cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that the extracts of leaves and berries obtained at 200 bar were cytotoxic against different cell lines used to support virus growth. As far as antiviral activiy is concerned, some of the extracts were active against a single-stranded RNA+ virus (Poliovirus-1). When tested for antimicrobial activity, none of the samples were shown to be active." \\ |
| The leaf oil of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp.macrocarpa (0.03-0.13%) from Turkey contained mainly manoyl oxide (7.7-21.9%), α-pinene (7.2-11.1%), α-cedrol (2.3-9.7%), widdrene (2.1-5.7%), α-muurolene (4.1-4.8%), trans-verbenol (1.7-4.3%), germacrene D (1.5-4.1%), δ-cadinene (3.2-3.8 %), α-campholene aldehyde (1.7-3.2%), trans-pinocarveol (1.5-3.0%), cubebol (1.4-2.4%), caryophyllene oxide (1.5-1.9%), δ-cadinene (1.0-1.8%), β-caryophyllene (0.7-1.8%), and epi-cubebol (1.0-1.4%). \\ | The leaf oil of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp.macrocarpa (0.03-0.13%) from Turkey contained mainly manoyl oxide (7.7-21.9%), α-pinene (7.2-11.1%), α-cedrol (2.3-9.7%), widdrene (2.1-5.7%), α-muurolene (4.1-4.8%), trans-verbenol (1.7-4.3%), germacrene D (1.5-4.1%), δ-cadinene (3.2-3.8 %), α-campholene aldehyde (1.7-3.2%), trans-pinocarveol (1.5-3.0%), cubebol (1.4-2.4%), caryophyllene oxide (1.5-1.9%), δ-cadinene (1.0-1.8%), β-caryophyllene (0.7-1.8%), and epi-cubebol (1.0-1.4%). \\ |
| [Sezik, E., et al. "Composition of the essential oils of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa from Turkey." Chemistry of natural compounds 41.3 (2005): 352-354] | [Sezik, E., et al. "Composition of the essential oils of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa from Turkey." Chemistry of natural compounds 41.3 (2005): 352-354] |
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| "J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus berry oil was characterised by high contents of α-pinene (27.4%) and β-myrcene (18.9%). Other important compounds were α-phellandrene (7.1%), limonene (6.7%), epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (2.3%) and δ-cadinene (2.2%) while, in the wood oil, δ-cadinene (14.5%) is a major main component, together with cis-thujopsene (9.2%) and α-muurolene (4.9%)." \\ | "J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus berry oil was characterised by high contents of α-pinene (27.4%) and β-myrcene (18.9%). Other important compounds were α-phellandrene (7.1%), limonene (6.7%), epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (2.3%) and δ-cadinene (2.2%) while, in the wood oil, δ-cadinene (14.5%) is a major main component, together with cis-thujopsene (9.2%) and α-muurolene (4.9%)." \\ |
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| Moroccan medicinal tars (including Cade oil/juniper tar) are reddish-brown liquids with smoky odour, which are traditionally produced through pyrolysis of trunks or roots of different coniferous trees, e.g. Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea, Juniperus thurifera, Tetraclinis articulata and Cedrus atlantica. Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in mineral oil tars, but wether the wood tars nor hydrodistilled oils thereof showed PAHs (GC-MS). It is suspected that products sold as 'cade oil' elsewhere (Spain/worldwide) contain mixed oils from different species of trees. \\ | Moroccan medicinal tars (including Cade oil/juniper tar) are reddish-brown liquids with smoky odour, which are traditionally produced through pyrolysis of trunks or roots of different coniferous trees, e.g. Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea, Juniperus thurifera, Tetraclinis articulata and Cedrus atlantica. Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in mineral oil tars, but wether the wood tars nor hydrodistilled oils thereof showed PAHs (GC-MS). It is suspected that products sold as 'cade oil' elsewhere (Spain/worldwide) contain mixed oils from different species of trees. \\ |
| [Lindborg, Marcus. "GC-MS analysis for Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Moroccan medicinal tars: An ethnobotanical study and chemical investigation of the use and safety of medicinal tars in Marrakesh and the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco." (2008)] [[http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/858/MFS-136lindborg-marcus.pdf]] | [Lindborg, Marcus. "GC-MS analysis for Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Moroccan medicinal tars: An ethnobotanical study and chemical investigation of the use and safety of medicinal tars in Marrakesh and the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco." (2008)] [[http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/858/MFS-136lindborg-marcus.pdf|PDF]] |
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| Phenol is the most toxic component of J.oxycedrus wood oil and responsible for the majority of systemic toxic symptoms. "Systemic toxicity is multi visceral and explained by the formation of cytotoxic metabolites (semi-quinone radicals), when the amount ingested absorbed exceeds the capacity of hepatic conjugation... poisoning caused convulsions, collapsus, acute pulmonary oedema, renal failure and hepatotoxicity." \\ | Phenol is the most toxic component of J.oxycedrus wood oil and responsible for the majority of systemic toxic symptoms. "Systemic toxicity is multi visceral and explained by the formation of cytotoxic metabolites (semi-quinone radicals), when the amount ingested absorbed exceeds the capacity of hepatic conjugation... poisoning caused convulsions, collapsus, acute pulmonary oedema, renal failure and hepatotoxicity." \\ |
| [Achour, S., Abourazzak, S., Mokhtari, A., Soulaymani, A., Soulaymani, R., & Hida, M. (2011). Juniper tar (cade oil) poisoning in new born after a cutaneous application. BMJ case reports, 2011, bcr0720114427] [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3207742/]] | [Achour, S., Abourazzak, S., Mokhtari, A., Soulaymani, A., Soulaymani, R., & Hida, M. (2011). Juniper tar (cade oil) poisoning in new born after a cutaneous application. BMJ case reports, 2011, bcr0720114427] [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3207742/|PDF]] |
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| {{:juniperus_oxycedrus.jpg?600}} \\ | |
| Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.3 t.79 (1890) \\ | |
| [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=570731]] | |
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| | {{:juniperus_oxycedrus.jpg?700}} \\ |
| | Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.3 t.79 (1890) [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=570731|plantgenera.org]] |
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| {{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Juniperus_oxycedrus_Ibiza.jpg/1280px-Juniperus_oxycedrus_Ibiza.jpg}} \\ | {{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Juniperus_oxycedrus_Ibiza.jpg/1280px-Juniperus_oxycedrus_Ibiza.jpg}} \\ |
| Juniperus oxycedrus, Sa Talaia ~100m, Ibiza \\ | Juniperus oxycedrus, Sa Talaia, Ibiza [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_oxycedrus_Ibiza.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]] © Tigerente [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 3.0]] |
| [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_oxycedrus_Ibiza.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]], Author: Tigerente [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en|CC BY-SA 3.0]] | |
