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--- illicium_anisatum_l [2014/11/30 12:09] – andreas
+++ illicium_anisatum_l [2025/11/20 14:13] (aktuell) – andreas
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 シキミ（樒、櫁、梻, shikimi, jap.), Japanese star-anise, aniseedtree, **Japanischer Sternanis**
-Evergreen tree, native to Japan (Honshu : Kantô; Shikoku; Kyushu),, Taiwan, South Korea.
+Small evergreen shrub tree, up to 5m tall, native to Japan, Taiwan, South Korea; leaves alternate, simple, oval; flowers cream or white colored.
-"Since it is highly toxic, it is not edible; instead, it has been burned as incense in Japan, where it is known as shikimi... Shikimi gave its name to shikimic acid, a substance also present in the plant. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illicium_anisatum]]
+"Its fruit is a dry follicle similar to the Chinese star anise, but toxic, smaller and with a weaker odour, reputed to be more similar to the aroma of cardamom than to that of anise... Since it is highly toxic, it is not edible; instead, it has been burned as incense in Japan, where it is known as shikimi... Shikimi gave its name to shikimic acid, a substance also present in the plant." [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illicium_anisatum|wikipedia]]
 Seeds and carpels of the Japanese star anise contain a convulsant (toxic) principle, [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisatin|anisatin]]. \\
 [On the Toxin of Illicium Anisatum. I. The Isolation and Characterization of a Convulsant Principle: Anisatin1., Lane, John F., et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol.74(13), 1952, 3211-3215]
-"The oil of the Japanese star anise tree, Illiciumanisatum Linn., was analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. The major constituents were found to be cineole (18.1%), linalool (10.1%), methyleugenol (9.8%), α-terpenyl acetate (6.8%), safrole (6.6%), and a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon of unknown constitution (7.2%). The composition of this oil differs widely from that of the commercially used star anise oil obtained from Illiciumverum Hooker. The most striking difference between the two oils is found in the anethole content, which constitutes 88% of the commercial oil but only 1.2% of the oil here investigated." \\
+|{{:anisatin.png|anisatin}} \\ anisatin |{{:1.8cineole.jpg|1,8-cineole}} \\ 1,8-cineole |{{:alpha_terpinylacetate.jpg|α-terpinyl acetate}} \\ α-terpinyl acetate |{{:safrole.jpg| safrole}} \\ safrole |{{:myrapi.jpg|}} \\ myristicin (R=H) |
+"The oil of the Japanese star anise tree, Illiciumanisatum Linn., was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The major constituents were found to be cineole (18.1%), linalool (10.1%), methyleugenol (9.8%), α-terpinyl acetate (6.8%), safrole (6.6%), and a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon of unknown constitution (7.2%). The composition of this oil differs widely from that of the commercially used star anise oil obtained from Illiciumverum Hooker. The most striking difference between the two oils is found in the anethole content, which constitutes 88% of the commercial oil but only 1.2% of the oil here investigated." \\
 [The essential oil of Illicum anisatum Linn., Cook, W. B., Howard, A. S., Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol.44(21), 1966, 2461-2464]
-"Four phenolic compounds were isolated from the leaf oil of Illicium anisatum L. Spectroscopic and synthetic studies showed that they were 1-allyl-2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene, 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 1-allyl-3-methoxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) benzene and 1-allyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) benzene." \\
+"Four phenolic compounds were isolated from the //leaf oil// of Illicium anisatum L. Spectroscopic and synthetic studies showed that they were 1-allyl-2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene [myristicin], 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol [6-methoxyeugenol], 1-allyl-3-methoxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) benzene and 1-allyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) benzene." \\
 [Phenolic components from leaf oil of Illicium anisatum L., Shibuya, M., Abe, K., Nakahashi, Y., Kubota, S., Chem. Pharm. Bull.,(Tokyo), Vol.26, 1978, 2671-2673]
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 [Neurotoxicities in infants seen with the consumption of star anise tea., Ize-Ludlow, D., Ragone, S., Bruck, I. S., Bernstein, J. N., Duchowny, M., Peña, B. M. G., Pediatrics, Vol.114(5), 2004, e653-e656]
-"The essential oil of air-dried Illicium anisatum (Illiciaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)... Eucalyptol (cineole, 21.8 %), sabinene (5.3 %), α-terpinenyl acetate (4.9 %), kaurene (4.5 %), isopimaradiene (3.2 %), safrole (2.7 %), linalool (2.6 %), δ-cadinene (2.2 %), α-cadinol (2.2), and terpinene-4-ol (1.9 %) were the main constituents of the essential oil of I. anisatum. In contrast, the main compounds identified by Cook and Howard were cineole (18.1 %), linalool (10.1 %), methyleugenol (9.8 %), α-terpinenyl acetate (6.8 %), and safrole (6.6 %). This difference in the main components may be due to the provenance of the plant, harvest time or development stage, extraction technique, or the use of fresh or dried plant material. All of these factors influence the chemical composition and biological activity." \\
+"The essential oil of air-dried Illicium anisatum (Illiciaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)... Eucalyptol (cineole, 21.8%), sabinene (5.3%), α-terpinyl acetate (4.9%), kaurene (4.5%), isopimaradiene (3.2%), safrole (2.7%), linalool (2.6%), δ-cadinene (2.2%), α-cadinol (2.2%), and terpinene-4-ol (1.9%) were the main constituents of the essential oil of I. anisatum. In contrast, the main compounds identified by Cook and Howard were cineole (18.1%), linalool (10.1%), methyleugenol (9.8%), α-terpinyl acetate (6.8%), and safrole (6.6%). This difference in the main components may be due to the provenance of the plant, harvest time or development stage, extraction technique, or the use of fresh or dried plant material. All of these factors influence the chemical composition and biological activity." \\
 [Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-elastase, and anti-inflammatory activities of Illicium anisatum essential oil., Kim, J. Y., Kim, S. S., Oh, T. H., Baik, J., Song, G., Lee, N., Hyun, C. G., Acta pharmaceutica, Vol.59(3), 2009, 289-300]
-{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Illicium_anisatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-075.jpg}}
+"The volatile compounds from the pericarps of Illicium anisatum L., Illicium brevistylum A.C.Sm., Illicium griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson, Illicium henryi Diels, Illicium lanceolatum A.C.Sm., Illicium majus Hook.f. & Thomson, Illicium micranthum Dunn, and Illicium verum Hook.f. were examined by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The volatiles desorbed from the pericarps of I. verum (Chinese star anise), the species traded for culinary purposes, were generally characterized by a high proportion of (E)-anethole (57.6-77.1%) and the presence of foeniculin; the latter was otherwise only detected in the pericarps of I. lanceolatum. In the pericarps of all other species analyzed, the percentage composition of (E)-anethole was comparatively lower (<or=16.0%). The volatiles desorbed from the pericarps of the toxic I. anisatum (Japanese star anise) were characterized by the presence of asaricin, methoxyeugenol, and two other eugenol derivatives, none of which were detected in any of the other species examined." \\
+[Howes, Melanie-Jayne R., Geoffrey C. Kite, and Monique SJ Simmonds. "Distinguishing chinese star anise from Japanese star anise using thermal desorption−gas chromatography−mass spectrometry." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 57.13 (2009): 5783-5789]
+{{:illicium_anisatum.jpg?700}} \\
+Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.2 t117 (1890) [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=550586|plantgenera.org]]
+{{:illicium_ani.jpg|Illicum anisatum}} \\
+Illicum anisatum, Tokushima, Japan (2025) © lalapple [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/|CC BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=447191|inaturalist.org]]