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--- gelsemium_sempervirens_l._j.st.-hil [2015/08/28 10:25] – andreas
+++ gelsemium_sempervirens_l._j.st.-hil [2016/01/10 22:39] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 5: / Zeile 5: @@
 [[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c519]]
-"While Arthur Conan Doyle is most commonly known as the mastermind behind Sherlock Holmes, he also was a doctor with a similar madness to that of Sherlock’s. Doyle’s first academic publication was concerning the effects of Gelsemium intoxication in humans. After observing the successful treatment of a gelsemium tincture for neuralgia, he became determined to “ascertain how far one might go in taking the drug, and what the primary symptoms of an overdose might be.” To do this, Doyle ingested increasing doses of his prepared tincture every day and published his results in the British Medical Journal. He determined that an adult could safely ingest up to 90 minims of the gelsemium tincture (1 minim = 1/480 fluid ounces)." \\
+"While Arthur Conan Doyle is most commonly known as the mastermind behind Sherlock Holmes, he also was a doctor with a similar madness to that of Sherlock’s. Doyle’s first academic publication was concerning the effects of Gelsemium intoxication in humans. After observing the successful treatment of a gelsemium tincture for neuralgia, he became determined to “ascertain how far one might go in taking the drug, and what the primary symptoms of an overdose might be.” To do this, Doyle ingested increasing doses of his prepared tincture every day and published his results in the British Medical Journal. He determined that an adult could safely ingest up to 90 minims of the gelsemium tincture (1 minim = 1/480 fluid ounces)."
-[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsemine]] \\
+[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsemine]] [Gelseminum as a poison., Conan Doyle, A., BMJ (1879)]
-[Conan Doyle, A. "Gelseminum as a poison." BMJ (1879)]
-All plant parts contain toxic monoterpen indole alkaloids. Neurological signs of intoxication in animals are characterized by marked progressive weakness and convulsions culminating in death. \\
+All plant parts contain toxic monoterpene indole alkaloids. Neurological signs of intoxication in animals are characterized by marked progressive weakness and muscle spasms (caused by the loss of muscle control) culminating in death. \\
 "Histologic lesions included mild diffuse neuronal degeneration and cerebellar Purkinje cell loss in all animals with mild multifocal vacuolation of brainstem and cerebral white matter in 1 goat, and myofiber atrophy with perimyseal fibrosis in the goose." \\
 [Multiple animal intoxications associated with Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) ingestions., Thompson, L.J., Frazier, K., Stiver, S., Styer, E., Veterinary and human toxicology, 44(5), 2002, 272-273]
-Rhizomes and roots (Gelsemii rhizoma) or its extracted alakloids are formerly used to treat neuralgia, especially of the face and the mouth. "It has been used in cough syrups (to treat whooping cough and asthma) and externally to treat various pains resulting from pressure on a nerve, especially in the spinal cord. It is claimed to be of use against migraine and neurological disorders and bleeding (haemorrhoids and the uters)... The alkaloids  (especially gelsemine) inhibit acetylcholine receptors (especially muscarinic AChR), acetylcholine esterase and the synaptic re-uptake of dopamin, noradrenaline and serotonine. These properties explain the observed antispasmodic, analgesic, hypotonic and sedative activities." \\
+Rhizomes and roots (Gelsemii rhizoma) or its extracted alkloids are formerly used to treat neuralgia, especially of the face and the mouth. "It has been used in cough syrups (to treat whooping cough and asthma) and externally to treat various pains resulting from pressure on a nerve, especially in the spinal cord. It is claimed to be of use against migraine and neurological disorders and bleeding (haemorrhoids and the uters)... The alkaloids  (especially gelsemine) inhibit acetylcholine receptors (especially muscarinic AChR), acetylcholine esterase and the synaptic re-uptake of dopamin, noradrenaline and serotonine. These properties explain the observed antispasmodic, analgesic, hypotonic and sedative activities." \\
 [Medicinal Plants of the World. Ben-Erik Van Wyk and Michael Wink, Pretoria 2004, 155]
@@ Zeile 23: / Zeile 22: @@
 As several complex issues were raised, the use of Gelsemium in behavioral science should undergo some reappraisal. In this field, a possible main critical topic might be the placebo/nocebo response of animals, able to exert biases on anxiety models." \\
 [Gelsemine and Gelsemium sempervirens L. extracts in animal behavioral test: comments and related biases., Magnani, P., Conforti, A., Zanolin, E., Marzotto, M., Bellavite, P., Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 210, 2011, 533-545]
+| {{:gelsemium_alk.jpg?300}} | some gelsemium alkaloids \\ [Chen, X., Duan, S., Tao, C., Zhai, H., & Qiu, F. G. (2015). Total synthesis of (+)-gelsemine via an organocatalytic Diels-Alder approach. Nature communications, 6.] \\ [[http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150521/ncomms8204/full/ncomms8204.html]] |
 {{:gelsemium_sempervirens.jpg?600}} \\
 Walcott, Mary Vaux, North American wild flowers, vol.3 t.220 (1925-1927) \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=456851]]