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--- gaultheria_procumbens_l [2019/01/03 17:06] – andreas
+++ gaultheria_procumbens_l [2025/12/21 19:12] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 Gaultheria procumbens L. - Ericaceae - checkerberry, creeping wintergreen, **Niedere Scheinbeere**, Wintergrünstrauch
-Creeping subshrub, native to Northern America; leaves obovate to oval or orbiculate, serrate, pale green abaxially, bright green, glaucous adaxially; flowers axillary, solitary, or with 2-3 nodding per node, corolla urceolate, white; fruits bright red to reddish violet, 6-9mm wide. \\
+Creeping subshrub, native to Northern America; leaves obovate to oval or orbiculate, serrate, pale green abaxially, bright green, glaucous adaxially; flowers axillary, solitary, or with 2-3 nodding per node, corolla urceolate, white; fruits bright red to reddish violet, 6-9mm wide. [[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220005469|efloras.org]]
-[[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220005469]]
-"The fruits of G. procumbens, considered its actual "teaberries," are edible, with a taste similar to Candy Hearts and the leaves and branches make a fine herbal tea, through normal drying and infusion process. For the leaves to yield significant amounts of their essential oil, they need to be fermented for at least 3 days." \\
+"The fruits of G. procumbens, considered its actual "teaberries," are edible, with a taste similar to Candy Hearts and the leaves and branches make a fine herbal tea, through normal drying and infusion process. For the leaves to yield significant amounts of their essential oil, they need to be fermented for at least 3 days."
-[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaultheria_procumbens]]
+[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaultheria_procumbens|wikipedia]]
-"Oil of wintergreen (Gaultheria) contains about 99 per cent of methyl salicylate, together with a small amount of a paraffin, which is probably triacontan..., an aldehyde or ketone..., and an ester... wintergreen and birch oil so far resemble each other, with the exception that the former contains the free alcohol C8H16O ... This alcohol posesses so powerful an odor that it imparts the gaultheria oil a character by means of which a person experienced in handling these two oils can in most cases readily distinguish between them." \\
+"Oil of wintergreen (Gaultheria) contains about 99 per cent of [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1008471.html|methyl salicylate]], together with a small amount of a paraffin, which is probably triacontan..., an aldehyde or ketone..., and an ester... wintergreen and birch oil so far resemble each other, with the exception that the former contains the free alcohol C8H16O ... This alcohol posesses so powerful an odor that it imparts the gaultheria oil a character by means of which a person experienced in handling these two oils can in most cases readily distinguish between them." \\
 [Power, B., Kleber, C., „Oil of wintergreen and oil of sweet birch.“ Pharm. Rundsch, New York, october (1895); also in: Fritzsche Brothers, Circulars of information No.7, 1894]
@@ Zeile 15: / Zeile 14: @@
 [Ribnicky, David, Alexander Poulev, and Ilya Raskin. "Recovery of gaultherin from plants." U.S. Patent Application No. 09/887,766. (2002)]
-Decoctions of the leaves and the essential oil are used in traditional medicine "... externally as a counterirritant to treat painful muscles and joints, including rheumatism. Infusions, decoctions or small amounts of the oil are rarely taken internally, as tonic, to treat rheumatism and to relieve minor stomach upsets. Canadian Natives traditionally made a refreshing tea from the leaves... [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1008471.html|methyl salicylate]]... has a very characteristic smell and a sweetish taste. Nowadays, synthetic methyl salicylate has largely replaced the natural product... [in oinments to treat rheumatism eg.]" \\
+Decoctions of the leaves and the essential oil are used in traditional medicine "... externally as a counterirritant to treat painful muscles and joints, including rheumatism. Infusions, decoctions or small amounts of the oil are rarely taken internally, as tonic, to treat rheumatism and to relieve minor stomach upsets. Canadian Natives traditionally made a refreshing tea from the leaves... methyl salicylate has a very characteristic smell and a sweetish taste. Nowadays, synthetic methyl salicylate has largely replaced the natural product [in oinments to treat rheumatism eg.] ..." \\
 [Medicinal Plants of the World. Ben-Erik Van Wyk and Michael Wink, Pretoria 2004, 153]
@@ Zeile 22: / Zeile 21: @@
 Methyl salicylate is also the main component of the leaf oil of Gaultheria fragrantissima (94.6-97.0%) and Gaultheria yunnanensis (99%). A minor component is eg. ethyl salicylate, especially in G.fragrantissima (5.3%). \\
-[Gaultheria: Phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics., Liu, W.R., Qiao, W. L., Liu, Z.Z., Wang, X.H., Jiang, R., Li, S.Y., She, G.M., Molecules, 18(10), 2013, 12071-12108] [[http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/18/10/12071]]
+[Gaultheria: Phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics., Liu, W.R., Qiao, W. L., Liu, Z.Z., Wang, X.H., Jiang, R., Li, S.Y., She, G.M., Molecules, 18(10), 2013, 12071-12108] [[http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/18/10/12071|PDF]]
 Main component of the hydrodistilled (with cohobation, continuous re-injection of the hydrosol into the still) essential oil of freshly mazerated stems and leaves of G.procumbens (collected in the Canadian boreal forest) was methyl salicylate (98.7%). A minor component was ethyl salicylate (0.5%). \\
 "When we collected the essential oil and during a subsequent olfactory evaluation, we did not notice an odor very different from those of commercial batches we use to analyse but surprisingly, when we opened the still lid, we got a strong coconut scent emanating from the distilled plant. This observation stayed outstanding until the analyses when we identified some uncommon compounds in the essential oil and the hydrosol." \\
-The essential oil contained tuberolactone (0.15%) and massoia lactone (0.08%). The hydrosol contained mainly methyl salicylate (~270mg/l), but also e.g. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol 2.8mg/l, tuberolactone (2.0mg/l) and massoia lactone (0.3mg/l). \\
+The essential oil contained tuberolactone (0.15%) and massoia lactone (0.08%). The hydrosol contained mainly methyl salicylate (~270mg/l), but also e.g. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol 2.8mg/l, tuberolactone (2.0mg/l) and massoia lactone (0.3mg/l). [[https://www.phytochemia.com/en/2018/07/03/about-canadian-wintergreen/|phytochemia.com]]
-[[https://www.phytochemia.com/en/2018/07/03/about-canadian-wintergreen/]]
-{{:gaultheria_procumbens.jpg?600}} \\
+{{:gaultheria_procumbens.jpg?700}} \\
-Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol.45 t.1966 (1818) \\
+Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol.45 t.1966 (1818) [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=455570|plantgenera.org]]
-[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=455570]]
 {{https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gaultheria_procumbens_6zz.jpg}} \\
-Gaultheria procumbens L. at North Carolina Arboretum, Asheville, NC.; author: David J. Stang \\
+Gaultheria procumbens L. at North Carolina Arboretum, Asheville, NC.; author: David J. Stang [[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|CC-BY-NA 4.0]] [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaultheria_procumbens_6zz.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]
-[[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]] [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaultheria_procumbens_6zz.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]