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--- foeniculum_vulgare_mill [2015/12/22 12:20] – andreas
+++ foeniculum_vulgare_mill [2026/09/13 09:34] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 3: / Zeile 3: @@
 Perennial herb, indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean; naturalized and cultivated in many parts of the world.
-"Fennel is widely cultivated, both in its native range and elsewhere, for its edible, strongly flavoured leaves and fruits... The Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Azoricum Group; syn. F. vulgare var. azoricum) is a cultivar group with inflated leaf bases which form a bulb-like structure..." \\
+"Fennel is widely cultivated, both in its native range and elsewhere, for its edible, strongly flavoured leaves and fruits. Fennel is widely employed as a carminative, both in humans and in veterinary medicine (e.g., dogs), to treat flatulence by encouraging the expulsion of intestinal gas... The Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Azoricum Group; syn. F. vulgare var. azoricum) is a cultivar group with inflated leaf bases which form a bulb-like structure. Their inflated leaf bases are eaten as a vegetable, both raw and cooked." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foeniculum_vulgare|wikipedia]]
-"Fennel is widely employed as a carminative, both in humans and in veterinary medicine (e.g., dogs), to treat flatulence by encouraging the expulsion of intestinal gas."
-[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foeniculum_vulgare]]
-There are some subspecies/varieties :\\
+There are some subspecies/varieties [[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122812/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219|USDA NPGS (archived)]] \\
 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare - wild fennel, bitter fennel, **Wilder Fenchel**\\
 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell., bulb fennel, Florence fennel, **Gemüsefenchel** \\
 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. dulce (Mill.) Batt. - sweet fennel, **Süßfenchel** \\
-[[http://probotanic.com/pdf_istrazivanja/ulje_fenela/Hemijski%20sastav%20i%20farmakoloska%20aktivnost%20Foeniculum%20vulgare%20%28Fenel%29.pdf|Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Cout.]] - bitter fennel, **Bitterer Fenchel** \\
+[[http://probotanic.com/pdf_istrazivanja/ulje_fenela/Hemijski%20sastav%20i%20farmakoloska%20aktivnost%20Foeniculum%20vulgare%20%28Fenel%29.pdf|Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Cout.]] - bitter fennel, **Bitterer Fenchel**
-[[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219]]
-"Florence fennel plants are smaller than the wild type. Their inflated leaf bases are eaten as a vegetable, both raw and cooked. There are several cultivars of Florence fennel, which is also known by several other names, notably the Italian name finocchio." \\
-[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel]]
 Steam distilled essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. capillaceum (Gilib.) Holmboe var. dulce Mill.; sweet fennel seeds of greek origin contained [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anethole| (E)-anethole]] (86-92%) as main constituent, furthermore estragole (3-4%), limonene (1-4%), [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/fenchone.htm|fenchone]] (1-2%), p-anisaldehyde (1%). \\
-[Study of different parameters influencing the composition of hydrodistilled sweet fennel oil. Katsiotis, Stavros T., Flavour and fragrance journal 4.4 (1989): 221-224]  [[http://www.pharm.auth.gr/katsiotis/pdfs/7i.pdf]] \\
+[Study of different parameters influencing the composition of hydrodistilled sweet fennel oil. Katsiotis, Stavros T., Flavour and fragrance journal 4.4 (1989): 221-224] [[http://www.pharm.auth.gr/katsiotis/pdfs/7i.pdf|PDF]] \\
 Enantiomerically pure (+)-fenchone was detected in the essential oils of wild, bitter and sweet fennel plants and seeds. \\
@@ Zeile 27: / Zeile 21: @@
 Vol.8 (3),1996, 247-253]
-| {{anethol.jpg| (E)-anethole}} \\ (E)-anethole | {{fenchone.jpg|fenchone}} \\ fenchone | {{me_eug_estrag.jpg|methyl chavicol}} \\ methyl chavicol (R=H, estragole) |
+| {{anethol.jpg| (E)-anethole}} \\ (E)-anethole | {{:estragole.jpg| estragole }} \\ methyl chavicol (estragole) | {{fenchone.jpg|fenchone}} \\ fenchone |
-"The chemical composition of the volatile oils of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Miller from two Spanish locations (Santander and Aranjuez) were investigated by means of GC and GC/MS. Leaf and stem oils of F.vulgare from Aranjuez were also examined. Two different chemotypes have been found in the seeds: (I) methyl chavicol (54.9%), fenchone (24.6%) in the seeds collected in Santander; and (II) (E)-anethole (54.9-38.1%), fenchone (22.2-34.4%) in the seeds gathered in Aranjuez. The oil from the leaves collected in Aranjuez (April, June) was found to contain methyl chavicol (12.3-12.1%), α-phellandrene (9.4-27.2%), limonene (25.3-18%) and fenchone (19.4-18.3%) as major constituents. The oil from the stems gathered in Aranjuez (September) was characterized by a high content of (E)-anethole (17.4-3-3%), α-pinene (9.7-14.4%), α-phellandrene (24.3-31.4%), p-cymene (11.5-5-2%), limonene (11.6-15%) and fenchone (9-1-17-5%)." \\
+"The chemical composition of the volatile oils of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Miller from two Spanish locations (Santander and Aranjuez) were investigated by means of GC and GC/MS. Leaf and stem oils of F.vulgare from Aranjuez were also examined. Two different chemotypes have been found in the seeds: (I) methyl chavicol (54.9%), fenchone (24.6%) in the seeds collected in Santander; and (II) (E)-anethole (54.9-38.1%), fenchone (22.2-34.4%) in the seeds gathered in Aranjuez. The oil from the leaves collected in Aranjuez (April, June) was found to contain methyl chavicol (12.3-12.1%), α-phellandrene (9.4-27.2%), limonene (25.3-18%) and fenchone (19.4-18.3%) as major constituents. The oil from the stems gathered in Aranjuez (September) was characterized by a high content of (E)-anethole (17.4-33%), α-pinene (9.7-14.4%), α-phellandrene (24.3-31.4%), p-cymene (11.5-5.2%), limonene (11.6-15%) and fenchone (9.1-17.5%)." \\
 [Chemical Composition of Fennel Oil, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, from Spain. Noemí García-Jiménez, María José Péerez-Alonso, Arturo Velasco-Negueruel, Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol. 12 (2) 2000, 159-162]
@@ Zeile 35: / Zeile 29: @@
 [Aromatic factors of anti-platelet aggregation in fennel oil., Yoshioka, M., Tamada, T., Biogenic amines, Vol.19(2), 2005, 89-96]
-"Volatile oil extracts of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) were obtained by simultaneous distillation−extraction (SDE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In general, fennel oil extracted by SDE and SFE showed similar compositions, with trans-anethole, estragole, and fenchone as the main components...  Key odorants of fennel seeds determined by gas chromatography−olfactometry (GC-O) showed similar patterns when applying SDE and SFE. trans-Anethole (anise, licorice), estragole (anise, licorice, sweet), fenchone (mint, camphor, warm), and 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom) were the most intense odor compounds detected in fennel extracts." \\
+"Volatile oil extracts of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) were obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In general, fennel oil extracted by SDE and SFE showed similar compositions, with trans-anethole, estragole, and fenchone as the main components...  Key odorants of fennel seeds determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) showed similar patterns when applying SDE and SFE. trans-Anethole //(anise, licorice)//, estragole //(anise, licorice, sweet)//, fenchone //(mint, camphor, warm)//, and 1-octen-3-ol //(mushroom)// were the most intense odor compounds detected in fennel extracts." \\
 [Volatile components and key odorants of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil extracts obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Díaz-Maroto, M. C., Díaz-Maroto Hidalgo, I. J., Sánchez-Palomo, E., Perez-Coello, M. S., Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Vol.53(13), 2005, 5385-5389]
@@ Zeile 41: / Zeile 35: @@
 [Character impact odorants of fennel fruits and fennel tea., Zeller, A., Rychlik, M., Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Vol.54(10), 2006, 3686-3692]
-{{:foeniculum_vulgare.jpg?500}} \\
+Four different fruit oils are described [Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer 2010] \\
+(1) Bitter fennel oil (ssp.vulgare var.vulgare): (E)-anethole 50-75%, fenchone 12-33% (tasting bitter!), estragole 2-5% \\
+(2) Sweet fennel oil (ssp.vulgare var.dulce): (E)-anethole 80-90% (or more), fenchone 1-10%, estragole 3-10% \\
+(3) Anethole-free oil (ssp.vulgare var.vulgare): fenchone 10-30%, estragole 50-80% \\
+(4) Australian wild fennel oil: (E)-anethole 10-20%, fenchone 10-20%, estragole 50-65%
+{{:foeniculum_vulgare.jpg?700}} \\
 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. as Foeniculum capillaceum Gilib. \\
-Kohl,F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.79 (1891-1895) [F.G.Kohl] \\
+Kohl,F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.79 (1891-1895) [F.G.Kohl] [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=442536|plantgenera.org]]
-[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=442536]]
+{{:foeniculum_vul.jpg}} \\
+Foeniculum vulgare, Santa Rosa, USA (2026) © amutti [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/|CC BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/399801865|inaturalist.org]]