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convallaria_majalis_l [2021/05/27 20:12]
andreas |
convallaria_majalis_l [2024/05/22 10:23] (aktuell)
andreas |
| Citrus unshiu Marcow. - syn.Citrus nobilis var. unshiu Swingle; Citrus reticulata subsp. unshiu (Marcow.) D. Rivera et al. - Rutaceae \\ | Convallaria majalis L. - Liliaceae - lily of the valley, **Maiglöckchen** |
| 温州蜜柑 unshū mikan (jap.), Satsuma mandarin, Satsuma orange, **Satsuma (Mandarine)**, Kernlose Mandarine | |
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| "Its fruit is sweet and usually seedless, about the size of other mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata), smaller than an orange. One of the distinguishing features of the satsuma is the thin, leathery skin dotted with large and prominent oil glands, which is lightly attached around the fruit, enabling it to be peeled very easily in comparison to other citrus fruits. The satsuma also has particularly delicate flesh, which cannot withstand the effects of careless handling." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_unshiu]] | Herb with creeping rhizom, 0.10-0.20m, native to Europe; leaves mostly 2, elliptic-lanceolate; flowers bell-shaped, white, highly fragrant, pendent on a one-sided raceme; fruit a red berry. |
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| Major constituents found in the absolute of C.unshiu flowers were linalool (2.1%), α-terpineol (0.7%), 2-phenyethanol (5.1%), cis-jasmone (0.4%), benzyl cyanide (4.7%), methyl anthranilate (2.0 %), farnesol (7.2%), indole (0.3 %), and methyl oleate (0.2%). Other compounds contributing to the greenish-fruity and somewhat pungent but also floral sweet odor were (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, farnesyl acetate, geranylacetone, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylacetaldoxime, sabinene hydrate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzaldehyde, n-nonanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 4-terpinenol, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, geraniol, vanillin, citronellol, elemol, and jasmonic acid. \\ | "C. majalis is a native of Europe, where it largely avoids the Mediterranean and Atlantic margins. An eastern variety, C. majalis var. manschurica occurs in Japan and parts of eastern Asia. A limited native population of C. majalis var. montana occurs in Eastern USA . There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley]] |
| [Sakurai, Kazutoshi, et al. "Odorous constituents of the absolute from flower of Citrus unshiu Marcovitch." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 43.1 (1979): 195-197] [[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb1961/43/1/43_1_195/_pdf]] | |
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| "The volatile composition of the headspace from Citrus unshiu Marcov. forma Miyagawa-wase blossom was investigated. The volatile constituents were absorbed by a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and directly transferred to a GC-MS... p-Cymene (23.3%) was the most abundant component in the headspace of fresh C. unshiu blossom; γ-terpinene was the most abundant in shade- and microwave-dried samples (26.8 and 31.2%, respectively) and β-caryophyllene (10.5%) in freeze-dried sample." \\ | The fragrant volatiles of Convallaria majalis flowers were enriched by dynamic and vacuum headspace sampling. The products of the vacuum process displayed a more typical odor, maybe due the higher content of farnesol (2-3%) and 2,3-dihydrofarnesol (2%). Main volatiles of the flowers (vacuum) were benzyl alcohol (27-44%) and geraniol (10-17%), together with (E)-ocimene (traces), citronellyl acetate (0.5-3%), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (1%), benzyl acetate (1%), phenylacetonitrile (2-4%), phenylacetaldoxime (1-2%), and cinnamic alcohol (3-7%). \\ |
| [Characterization of Citrus unshiu (C. unshiu Marcov. forma Miyagawa-wase) blossom aroma by solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with an electronic nose., Choi, H.S., Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Vol.51(2), 2003, 418-423] | [Surburg et al., Volatile compounds from Flowers, in: Teranishi, R.;Buttery, R. G.;Sugisawa, H. Bioactive volatile compounds from plants. (Book) 1993, 169-186] |
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| Analysis of the flower scent with SPME/GC-MS showed linalool (67.2%), myrcene (5.6%), nerolidol (5.1%), methyl anthranilate (4.7%), 2-aminobenzaldehyde (1.5%), 3,7-dimethyl-1,5-octadien-3,7-diol (1.4%), phenylacetonitrile (1.1%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (0.7%), phenyl ethanol (0.5%), limonene (0.5%), and indole (0.4%) as main components. \\ | |{{:benzyl_alcohol.png| benzyl alcohol}} \\ benzyl alcohol |{{citronellol.jpg| citronellol }} \\ citronellol| {{phenylacetaldoxime.png| phenylacetaldehyde oxime }} \\ (E)-phenylacetaldehyde oxime | {{e23dihydrofarnesol.jpg| (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesol}} \\ (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesol|{{:ionone_beta.jpg| β-ionone}} \\ β-ionone | |
| [Ham, D. Y., & Seung-Ho, K. O. (2018). U.S. Patent Application No. 15/548,867] | |
| | GC-MS analysis of vacuum headspace samples of the flower scent showed main components with floral-rosy-citrusy notes like citronellal, citronellol (9.6%), citronellyl acetate (1.1%), geranyl acetate (3.3%), nerol (1.3%), geraniol (8.4%), benzyl alcohol (35.2%), phenylethyl alcohol (0.78%), geranial + benzyl acetate (0.96%), neral (0.02%), phenylacetonitrile (3.0%), farnesol (1.9%) and 2,3-dihydrofarnesol (0.88 %); green-grassy notes like (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (10.6%), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (7.8%), (E)-2-hexenal (0.18%), and (Z)-3-hexenal (trace); fatty, waxy, aldehydic notes like octanal (0.15%), nonanal (0.1 %), and decanal (0.07%). \\ |
| | Important trace components could be revealed by GC sniffing analysis, like (Z)-3-hexenal, green pea and galbanum-like notes like 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, and fruity-raspberry notes like β-ionone. \\ |
| | [New data on trace components with sensory relevance in flower scents, Brunke, E.J., Rittler, F., Schmaus, G., Dragoco Rep., 1, 1996, 5-21] |
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| | „…studies performed at Firmenich also revealed trace amounts of phenylacetaldehyde oxime, which exhibits an interesting muguet-orange flower duality when in pure form. It was proposed that its combination with 2,3-laevo-dihydrofarnesol could reproduce the key note of the flower; however, the instability of this oxime prevents its use on industrial scale.“ \\ |
| | [Coulomb, J. "Beyond muguet." Perfumer & Flavorist 43.4 (2018): 40-46] |
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| | Main volatile constituents of a diethyl ether extract of C. majalis flowers from Serbia were benzyl alcohol, citronellol, geranyl acetate, 2,3-dihydrofarnesol, (E)-cinnamyl alcohol, and (E)- and (Z)-isomers of phenylacetaldehyde oxime. \\ |
| | [Đorđević, Miljana R. "PP94. Lily of the valley flower volatiles: the chemical composition of the flower diethyl ether extract."] \\ |
| | [[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228560523.pdf]] |
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| "Fruit aroma of Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC-MS... The key aroma components were limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene, β-myrcene, α-pinene, and octanal in the three fruits. Guoqing 1 contained more key aroma compounds than Miyagawa Wase and Owari." \\ | The standardised (effect corresponding to 0.2% convallatoxin) powder of dried aboveground parts of C.majalis (Convallaria herba) has been used to treat mild cardiac insuffiency. "Convallatoxin is similar to other cardiac glycosides. It inhibits Na+,K+ ATPase and indirectly increases intracellular Ca+ concentration.This strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle... The herb is very toxic and must only be administered under the supervision of a qualified practioner." \\ |
| [Study on aroma components in fruit from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties., Qiao, Y., Xie, B.J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, H.Y., Pan, S.Y., Agricultural Sciences in China, Vol.6(12), 2007, 1487-1493] | [Medicinal Plants of the World. Ben-Erik Van Wyk and Michael Wink, Pretoria 2004, 112] |
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| | {{:convallaria_majalis.jpg?600}} \\ |
| | Thomé,O.W., Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz, Tafeln, vol.1, t.111 (1885) \\ |
| | [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=270522]] |
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| An aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) of the polar fractions of Satsuma mandarin peel oil identified five odorants in common as the most odor-active volatiles: (Z)-hex-3-enal, decanal, linalool, yuzuol, and (2E)-trans-4,5-epoxydec-2-enal. Six odor-active compounds were identified in the non-polar fraction: α-pinene (terpenic and woody), myrcene (pungent and woody), limonene (terpenic and woody), γ-terpinene (woody and terpenic), (3E,5Z)-1,3,5-undecatriene (balsamic and fruity), and (3E,5Z,8Z)-1,3,5,8-undecatetraene (balsamic and fruity). \\ | |
| [Aroma character impact compounds in Kinokuni mandarin orange (Citrus kinokuni) compared with Satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshiu)., Miyazawa, N., Fujita, A., Kubota, K., Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Vol.74(4), 2010, 835-842] \\ | |
| [[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1271/bbb.90937]] | |
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| {{:citrus_unshiu.jpg?800}} \\ | {{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_3/P1130081.JPG}} \\ |
| Author: Batholith, PD ([[https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.de|CC0]]) | Convallaria majalis \\ © Rolf Marschner (2009), |
| [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citrus_unshiu_20101127_c.jpg]] | [[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=523&t=3009| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]] |
