| Beide Seiten der vorigen RevisionVorhergehende ÜberarbeitungNächste Überarbeitung | Vorhergehende Überarbeitung |
| citrus_bergamia_risso [2017/06/05 08:40] – andreas | citrus_bergamia_risso [2026/01/03 17:38] (aktuell) – andreas |
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| Citrus medica (x) Citrus × aurantium = Citrus x limon | Citrus medica (x) Citrus × aurantium = Citrus x limon |
| "... considered by some as the hybrid C. medica × (C. maxima × C. reticulata)" [[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10698]] | "... considered by some as the hybrid C. medica × (C. maxima × C. reticulata)" \\ |
| | [[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133648/https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10698|USDA - Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit.]] (archived) |
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| "The bergamot orange is unrelated to the herbs known as bergamot or wild bergamot, Monarda didyma and Monarda fistulosa, which are in the mint family, and are named for their similar aroma... Bergamot peel is used in perfumery for its ability to combine with an array of scents to form a bouquet of aromas which complement each other. Approximately one third of all men's and about half of women’s perfumes contain bergamot essential oil. Bergamot is a major component of the original Eau de Cologne composed by Farina at the beginning of 18th century Germany... The distinctive aroma of bergamot is most commonly known for its use in Earl Grey tea." | "The bergamot orange is unrelated to the herbs known as bergamot or wild bergamot, Monarda didyma and Monarda fistulosa, which are in the mint family, and are named for their similar aroma... Bergamot peel is used in perfumery for its ability to combine with an array of scents to form a bouquet of aromas which complement each other. Approximately one third of all men's and about half of women’s perfumes contain bergamot essential oil. Bergamot is a major component of the original Eau de Cologne composed by Farina at the beginning of 18th century Germany... The distinctive aroma of bergamot is most commonly known for its use in Earl Grey tea." |
| [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamot_orange]] | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamot_orange|wikipedia(EN)]] |
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| "Since its mention 1750 as the bergamot was planted by a certain Nicolo Parisi, the oil of bergamot is an essential raw material for the perfume industry and especially gives '[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnisch_Wasser|Kölnisch Wasser]]' its typical odor." | "Since its mention 1750 as the bergamot was planted by a certain Nicolo Parisi, the oil of bergamot is an essential raw material for the perfume industry and especially gives '[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lnisch_Wasser|Kölnisch Wasser]]' its typical odor." [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamotte|wikipedia(DE)]] |
| [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamotte]] | |
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| The volatile residue of bergamot essential oil is a natural odour fixative, but problems with coumarins and photosensitizing properties of psoralens ([[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergapten|bergapten]]) are reported. The percentage of bergamottin in the essential oil of C.bergamia of Calabrian origin ranges between 1-2.75%, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin 0.08-0.22%, citropten 0.14-0.35%, and bergapten 0.11-0.32%. \\ | The volatile residue of bergamot essential oil is a natural odour fixative, but problems with coumarins and photosensitizing properties of psoralens ([[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergapten|bergapten]]) are reported. The percentage of bergamottin in the essential oil of C.bergamia of Calabrian origin ranges between 1-2.75%, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin 0.08-0.22%, citropten 0.14-0.35%, and bergapten 0.11-0.32%. \\ |
| "Bergamot oil is the only citrus oil in which (+)-limonene (26%) is not the dominant component. The oil is instead rich in linalool (16%) and linalyl acetate (34%). In addition, further 175 constituents have bee characterized, of which 26 (96% of the total oil) occur in concentrations above 0.1%. As with other citrus oils, the majority of the components are present in trace amounts... trans-bergamotene (0.3%) being the dominant sesquiterpene... important trace constituents are aldehydes of the β-substituted α-methyl acrolein type such as β-sinensal, lanceal, and bergamotenal [with its strong woody odor], despite their low abundance... the important ketones are (+)-nootkatone, (+)-8,9-didehydronootkatone, and camphorenone." \\ | "Bergamot oil is the only citrus oil in which (+)-limonene (26%) is not the dominant component. The oil is instead rich in linalool (16%) and linalyl acetate (34%). In addition, further 175 constituents have bee characterized, of which 26 (96% of the total oil) occur in concentrations above 0.1%. As with other citrus oils, the majority of the components are present in trace amounts... trans-bergamotene (0.3%) being the dominant sesquiterpene... important trace constituents are aldehydes of the β-substituted α-methyl acrolein type such as β-sinensal, lanceal, and bergamotenal [with its strong woody odor], despite their low abundance... the important ketones are (+)-nootkatone, (+)-8,9-didehydronootkatone, and camphorenone." \\ |
| [Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 232-233] | [Scent and Chemistry, Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Philip Kraft, Wiley-VCH, 2012, 232-233] |
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| | "Almost all the world’s production of bergamot oil is sourced from crop to factory in Calabria, southern Italy. This iconic citrus fruit whose aromatic skin has delivered an essential oil used in many flavour and fragrance applications for centuries, Earl Grey tea and Eau de Cologne being just two of them. It takes 4-5 years for a bergamot tree to bear fruit. Each tree produces around 100 kilograms of fruit per year; two |
| | trees are required to produce one single kilogram of essential oil." [[https://www.givaudan.com/sites/givaudanweb.int/files/download_links/GIV_2019_IntegratedAnnualReport.pdf|Givaudan Report 2019 (PDF)]] |
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| | **flowers** |
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| | The headspace of the flowers contained methyl anthranilate and 2-aminobenzaldehyde (anthranilic aldehyde; approximately 0.5%). \\ |
| | [The composition of the headspace from fragrant flowers: Further results., Joulain D., Flavour and Fragrance J 1987; 2: 149-155] |
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| "The estimated concentration of 5 main flavonoids [in bergamot peel extract,BPF] was: neoeriocitrin (77,700 ppm), naringin (63,011 ppm), neohesperidin (72,056 ppm), melitidin (15,606 ppm) and brutieridin (33,202 ppm)... BPF, given orally for 30 days to both rats and patients, reduces total and LDL cholesterol levels (an effect accompanied by elevation of cHDL), triglyceride levels and by a significant decrease in blood glucose. Moreover, BPF inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity and enhanced reactive vasodilation thus representing an efficient phytotherapeutic approach in combating hyperlipemic and hyperglycaemic disorders" \\ | "The estimated concentration of 5 main flavonoids [in bergamot peel extract,BPF] was: neoeriocitrin (77,700 ppm), naringin (63,011 ppm), neohesperidin (72,056 ppm), melitidin (15,606 ppm) and brutieridin (33,202 ppm)... BPF, given orally for 30 days to both rats and patients, reduces total and LDL cholesterol levels (an effect accompanied by elevation of cHDL), triglyceride levels and by a significant decrease in blood glucose. Moreover, BPF inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity and enhanced reactive vasodilation thus representing an efficient phytotherapeutic approach in combating hyperlipemic and hyperglycaemic disorders" \\ |
| [Hypolipemic and hypoglycaemic activity of bergamot polyphenols: from animal models to human studies., Mollace, V., Sacco, I., Janda, E., Malara, C., Ventrice, D., Colica, C., Romeo, F., Fitoterapia, Vol.82(3), 2011, 309-316] [[http://www.ihfglobal.com/education_documents/Bergamia%20Risso%20Study.pdf]] | [Hypolipemic and hypoglycaemic activity of bergamot polyphenols: from animal models to human studies., Mollace, V., Sacco, I., Janda, E., Malara, C., Ventrice, D., Colica, C., Romeo, F., Fitoterapia, Vol.82(3), 2011, 309-316] [[http://www.ihfglobal.com/education_documents/Bergamia%20Risso%20Study.pdf|PDF]] |
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| | {{:citrus_bergamia.jpg?700}} \\ |
| | Köhler,F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.3, t.49 (1890) [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=249920|plantgenera.org]] |
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| {{:citrus_bergamia.jpg?500}} \\ | {{citrus_bergamia_-_bergamot.jpg}} \\ |
| Köhler,F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.3, t.49 (1890) \\ | Bergamot, Citrus bergamia, in the Linnean House of the Missouri Botanical Garden (2011) © James Steakley \\ |
| [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=249920]] | [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]] [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citrus_bergamia_-_Bergamot.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]] |
